产科护理:速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

2练习题

1.产科护理中等

Which statement describes the "4 Ts" causes of postpartum haemorrhage?

  1. ATone, tachycardia, transfusion and tissue
  2. BTrauma, tension, temperature and thrombosis
  3. CTemperature, tachycardia, tears and time
  4. DTone, trauma, tissue and thrombin
2.产科护理困难

A woman with postpartum psychosis is being admitted with her baby to a mother and baby unit. Which statement is accurate?

  1. AIt is an emergency that usually starts within two weeks
  2. BIt usually begins several months or years after the birth
  3. CIt is the same as the baby blues and resolves without treatment
  4. DIt only occurs in women who were depressed in pregnancy
3.剂量计算中等
17 kgBSA = 0.69 m²375 mg/m²D = ? mg

一名体重 17 kg 的患者体表面积为 0.69 m²。医嘱为 375 mg/m²。求剂量 D,以 mg 表示。

17 kgBSA = 0.69 m²375 mg/m²
D = mg
4.剂量计算困难
25k 件500 mL? mL/h2000 件/h

一袋输液在 500 mL 中含 25000 单位药物。医嘱为每小时 2000 单位。泵速 R 应设为多少 mL/h?

25000 件/500 mL2000 件/h
R = mL/h
5.静脉输液速度中等
610 mL剩余? mL/h2 h 剩余

医嘱要求在 6 小时内输入 1500 mL。4 小时后你发现袋中还剩 610 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 必须把泵重新设定为多少 mL/h 的速率 R?

1500 mL / 6 h经过 4 h: 610 mL
R = mL/h
6.静脉输液速度困难
600 mL15 gtt/mL50 gtt/mint = ? h

一组输液以 50 滴/分的速度经 15 滴/mL 的输液器滴注。袋中还剩 600 mL。还需多少小时 t 才会滴完?

50 gtt/min15 gtt/mL600 mL
t = h

3溶液

1.产科护理

答案: D · Tone, trauma, tissue and thrombin

为什么是这个答案

The 4 Ts are tone (atony), trauma (tears, haematomas, rupture), tissue (retained placenta or clots) and thrombin (clotting disorders). Tone is the most common cause.

答案

D · Tone, trauma, tissue and thrombin
2.产科护理

答案: A · It is an emergency that usually starts within two weeks

为什么是这个答案

Postpartum psychosis is rare but serious, typically starting suddenly within the first two weeks with mania, confusion, hallucinations or delusions. Bipolar disorder is a major risk factor. Urgent treatment is needed to keep mother and baby safe.

答案

A · It is an emergency that usually starts within two weeks
3.剂量计算

答案: D = 258.8 mg

Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).

剂量

D = 375·0.69 = 258.8 mg

答案

D = 258.8 mg
4.剂量计算

答案: R = 40 mL/h

剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。

浓度

25000/500 = 50 件/mL

泵速

R = 2000/50 = 40 mL/h

答案

R = 40 mL/h
5.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 305 mL/h

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

原速率

1500/6 = 250 mL/h

新速率

R = 610/2 = 305 mL/h

答案

R = 305 mL/h

许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。

6.静脉输液速度

答案: t = 3 h

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

速度(mL/h)

50·60/15 = 200 mL/h

剩余时间

t = 600/200 = 3 h

答案

t = 3 h

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