产科护理:速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

2练习题

1.产科护理中等

Which behaviour shows positive early bonding between mother and newborn?

  1. AAsking staff to keep the baby in the nursery at all times
  2. BCalling the baby "it" and not looking at it
  3. CFace-to-face eye contact and talking to the baby
  4. DAvoiding holding the baby during the first day
2.产科护理困难

A newborn boy's scrotum is empty on one side and the testis cannot be felt in the groin. What is appropriate?

  1. ARecord it and arrange follow-up; many descend later
  2. BArrange emergency surgery on the testis today
  3. CMassage the groin daily to push it down
  4. DTell the parents it will never descend
3.剂量计算中等
1:10 000安瓿V = ? mL

一支肾上腺素预充式注射器标示为 1:10 000(0.1 mg/mL)。医嘱为心脏骤停时 1 mg 静脉注射(IV)。你应给多少体积 V?

1:10 0001 mg
V = mL
4.剂量计算困难
200 mg/5 mLV = ? mL

一名体重 10 kg 的儿童,医嘱为口服混悬液每次 20 mg/kg,该混悬液每 5 mL 含 200 mg。你应给多少体积 V?

10 kg20 mg/kg200 mg/5 mL
V = mL
5.静脉输液速度中等
V = ?15 gtt/mL30 gtt/min4 h

滴注以 30 gtt/min 的速度通过滴系数为 15 gtt/mL 的输液器。患者在 4 小时内接受多少毫升 V?

30 gtt/min15 gtt/mL4 h
V = mL
6.静脉输液速度困难
200 mg500 mL5 mL/h? mg/h

一袋液体在 500 mL 中含药 200 mg,以 5 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?

200 mg/500 mL5 mL/h
D = mg/h

3溶液

1.产科护理

答案: C · Face-to-face eye contact and talking to the baby

为什么是这个答案

En face positioning, touching, talking in a high-pitched voice and calling the baby by name are positive bonding behaviours. Persistent avoidance needs further assessment and support.

答案

C · Face-to-face eye contact and talking to the baby
2.产科护理

答案: A · Record it and arrange follow-up; many descend later

为什么是这个答案

An undescended testis is common, especially in preterm boys, and often descends in the first months. If it has not descended by about 6 months, referral for surgery (orchidopexy) is recommended.

答案

A · Record it and arrange follow-up; many descend later
3.剂量计算

答案: V = 10 mL

Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.

浓度

1:10 000 = 1 g/10000 mL = 0.1 mg/mL

体积

V = 1/0.1 = 10 mL

答案

V = 10 mL

美国的标签现在标示 mg/mL(1 mg/mL = 1:1000;0.1 mg/mL = 1:10 000)。切勿静脉推注 1 mg/mL 的肾上腺素。

4.剂量计算

答案: V = 5 mL

剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。

按体重计算剂量

20·10 = 200 mg

体积

V = (200/200)·5 = 5 mL

答案

V = 5 mL
5.静脉输液速度

答案: V = 480 mL

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

速度(mL/h)

30·60/15 = 120 mL/h

体积

V = 120·4 = 480 mL

答案

V = 480 mL
6.静脉输液速度

答案: D = 2 mg/h

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

浓度

200/500 = 0.4 mg/mL

给药速率

D = 0.4·5 = 2 mg/h

答案

D = 2 mg/h

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