产科护理
方法
- 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
- 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
- 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
- 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A newborn has a cleft lip and palate. Which feeding approach is most appropriate?
一名妊娠 30 周的女性每 5 分钟出现一次规律的疼痛性宫缩,并伴有宫颈改变。如果发生分娩,预期使用哪种治疗来保护婴儿的肺?
需要从 5%(w/v)溶液中取 125 mg 的剂量。多少容量 V 含有这一剂量?
一名患者体重 176 lb。医嘱为单次剂量 5 mg/kg,储备液为 1 mL 中含 40 mg。按 1 kg = 2.2 lb 计算,你应给予多少容量 V?
医嘱要求在 10 小时内输入 1000 mL。8 小时后你发现袋中还剩 240 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 必须把泵重新设定为多少 mL/h 的速率 R?
一袋液体在 250 mL 中含药 1000 mg,以 30 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?
答案: C · Special teats and an upright position
Babies with a cleft palate often need specialised bottles or teats, an upright feeding position, frequent burping and support from a cleft team. Some babies with a cleft lip only can breastfeed.
答案: C · 产前皮质类固醇
产前皮质类固醇可减少早产儿的呼吸窘迫。可使用宫缩抑制剂争取时间,当可能在约 32 周前分娩时,可给予硫酸镁以保护胎儿神经。
答案: V = 2.5 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
答案: V = 10 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
答案: R = 120 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。
答案: D = 120 mg/h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
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