产科护理:速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

2练习题

1.产科护理中等

A woman at 18 weeks asks about safe exercise. Which advice is correct?

  1. AExercise lying flat on her back is best after 20 weeks
  2. BModerate exercise like walking or swimming is encouraged
  3. CContact sports and scuba diving are safe if she did them before
  4. DExercise should be stopped completely during pregnancy
2.产科护理困难

A baby was born through thick meconium-stained fluid. At birth the baby is crying, has good tone and a heart rate above 100/min. What is the appropriate care?

  1. ASeparation from the mother for 24 hours
  2. BDeep suctioning of the stomach before the first breath
  3. CImmediate tracheal intubation and suction
  4. DRoutine care with the mother, with observation
3.剂量计算中等
024681010 mL

一名体重 18 kg 的儿童按 10 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 25 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

18 kg10 mg/kg25 mg/mL
V = mL
4.剂量计算困难
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.911 mL

处方为 510 单位的药物,药液规格为 1000 单位/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

510 units1000 units/mL
V = mL
5.静脉输液速度中等
V = ?60 gtt/mL50 gtt/min12 h

滴注以 50 gtt/min 的速度通过滴系数为 60 gtt/mL 的输液器。患者在 12 小时内接受多少毫升 V?

50 gtt/min60 gtt/mL12 h
V = mL
6.静脉输液速度困难
450 mL15 gtt/mL40 gtt/mint = ? h

一组输液以 40 滴/分的速度经 15 滴/mL 的输液器滴注。袋中还剩 450 mL。还需多少小时 t 才会滴完? 保留一位小数。

40 gtt/min15 gtt/mL450 mL
t = h

3溶液

1.产科护理

答案: B · Moderate exercise like walking or swimming is encouraged

为什么是这个答案

Moderate exercise is safe and beneficial for most pregnant women. Contact sports, activities with a high fall risk and scuba diving are avoided, as is lying flat on the back for long periods later in pregnancy.

答案

B · Moderate exercise like walking or swimming is encouraged
2.产科护理

答案: D · Routine care with the mother, with observation

为什么是这个答案

Vigorous babies born through meconium receive routine care and are observed for breathing difficulty. Routine tracheal suctioning is not recommended, even for non-vigorous babies, where effective ventilation comes first.

答案

D · Routine care with the mother, with observation
3.剂量计算

答案: V = 7.2 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

按体重计算剂量

D = 10·18 = 180 mg

体积

V = 180/25 = 7.2 mL

在注射器上

在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。

答案

V = 7.2 mL
4.剂量计算

答案: V = 0.51 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

体积

V = 510/1000 = 0.51 mL

在注射器上

在这支 1 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.01 mL。

答案

V = 0.51 mL
5.静脉输液速度

答案: V = 600 mL

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

速度(mL/h)

50·60/60 = 50 mL/h

体积

V = 50·12 = 600 mL

答案

V = 600 mL
6.静脉输液速度

答案: t = 2.8 h

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

速度(mL/h)

40·60/15 = 160 mL/h

剩余时间

t = 450/160 = 2.813 ≈ 2.8 h

答案

t = 2.8 h

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