产科护理
方法
- 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
- 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
- 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
- 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A breastfeeding mother asks how she will know her baby is getting enough milk. Which sign is reassuring by day 5 or 6?
一名妊娠 34 周的女性遭遇车祸。她腹痛,子宫强直且有压痛,阴道仅有少量出血。出现晚期减速。哪种说法最准确?
一名体重 36 kg 的儿童按 10 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 50 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
一名患者体重 96.8 lb。医嘱为单次剂量 5 mg/kg,储备液为 5 mL 中含 200 mg。按 1 kg = 2.2 lb 计算,你应给予多少容量 V?
滴注以 50 gtt/min 的速度通过滴系数为 15 gtt/mL 的输液器。患者在 8 小时内接受多少毫升 V?
一袋中含有 4 g 药物,溶于 1000 mL。医嘱为每分钟 4 mg。泵速 R 应设为多少 mL/h?
答案: D · At least 6 wet nappies a day and yellow stools
Signs of adequate intake include 6 or more wet nappies and several yellow stools a day by day 5 or 6, steady weight gain and a content baby after feeds. Most babies regain birth weight by about 2 weeks.
答案: A · 她可能是隐性胎盘早剥,尽管可见出血很少但失血量很大
胎盘早剥可向胎盘后方的间隙出血。疼痛、子宫强直和胎儿窘迫而可见出血很少,提示隐性胎盘早剥,对母亲和胎儿都是急症。
答案: V = 7.2 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。
答案: V = 5.5 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
答案: V = 1600 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
答案: R = 60 mL/h
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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