产科护理:速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

2练习题

1.产科护理中等

Why are pregnant women at increased risk of urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis?

  1. AThe urine becomes more acidic in pregnancy
  2. BThe bladder empties more completely in pregnancy
  3. CPregnancy greatly reduces the production of urine
  4. DProgesterone dilates the ureters and slows the flow of urine
2.产科护理困难

A woman at 8 weeks takes valproate for epilepsy. She asks whether she should stop it. Which response is best?

  1. AStop the drug today because it causes birth defects
  2. BContinue as usual because epilepsy drugs are all safe in pregnancy
  3. CHalve the dose herself to reduce the risk to the baby
  4. DDo not stop it suddenly; arrange urgent specialist review
3.剂量计算中等
024681010 mL

一名体重 24 kg 的儿童按 20 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 50 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

24 kg20 mg/kg50 mg/mL
V = mL
4.剂量计算困难
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.911 mL

处方为 680 单位的药物,药液规格为 1000 单位/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

680 units1000 units/mL
V = mL
5.静脉输液速度中等
60 gtt/mL200 mL/h? gtt/min

医嘱要求以 200 mL/h 输液,但没有输液泵。改用滴系数为 60 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。

200 mL/h60 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
6.静脉输液速度困难
25 mg250 mL18 mL/h? mcg/min

25 mg 药物溶于 250 mL 的输液以 18 mL/h 运行。患者每分钟接受多少微克 D?

25 mg/250 mL18 mL/h
D = mcg/min

3溶液

1.产科护理

答案: D · Progesterone dilates the ureters and slows the flow of urine

为什么是这个答案

Progesterone relaxes and dilates the ureters, and the growing uterus compresses them, so urine stasis occurs. This makes ascending infection easier, which is why asymptomatic bacteriuria is screened for and treated.

答案

D · Progesterone dilates the ureters and slows the flow of urine
2.产科护理

答案: D · Do not stop it suddenly; arrange urgent specialist review

为什么是这个答案

Valproate is strongly teratogenic, but stopping antiepileptics suddenly can cause seizures that harm mother and fetus. She needs urgent specialist review to change treatment safely, ideally before conception.

答案

D · Do not stop it suddenly; arrange urgent specialist review
3.剂量计算

答案: V = 9.6 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

按体重计算剂量

D = 20·24 = 480 mg

体积

V = 480/50 = 9.6 mL

在注射器上

在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。

答案

V = 9.6 mL
4.剂量计算

答案: V = 0.68 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

体积

V = 680/1000 = 0.68 mL

在注射器上

在这支 1 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.01 mL。

答案

V = 0.68 mL
5.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 200 gtt/min

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

每分钟毫升数

200/60 = 3.333 mL/min

滴速

R = 3.333·60 = 200 gtt/min

答案

R = 200 gtt/min

使用微滴输液器(60 gtt/mL)时,gtt/min 等于 mL/h。

6.静脉输液速度

答案: D = 30 mcg/min

Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).

浓度

25000 mcg/250 mL = 100 mcg/mL

每小时剂量

18·100 = 1800 mcg/h

每分钟剂量

D = 1800/60 = 30 mcg/min

答案

D = 30 mcg/min

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