A patient with diabetes is sweaty and shaky. Blood glucose is 3.0 mmol/L (54 mg/dL). The patient is awake and can swallow. What should the nurse do first?
AGive a large meal high in fat and protein to keep glucose up for longer
BGive intramuscular glucagon at once
CGive 15–20 g of fast-acting carbohydrate, such as juice
DGive the next scheduled dose of insulin
8.药理学困难
A woman with chronic hypertension who takes lisinopril is now pregnant. What is the key concern?
AACE inhibitors harm fetal kidneys, so a safer drug is used
BLisinopril has no known fetal effects and should be continued
CLisinopril works better in pregnancy, so the dose should be increased
DAll antihypertensives must be stopped in pregnancy
答案: C · Give 15–20 g of fast-acting carbohydrate, such as juice
为什么是这个答案
Conscious hypoglycaemia is treated with 15–20 g of fast-acting carbohydrate, with glucose rechecked after about 15 minutes. Fat slows absorption, and glucagon is kept for patients who cannot swallow.
答案
C · Give 15–20 g of fast-acting carbohydrate, such as juice
8.药理学
答案: A · ACE inhibitors harm fetal kidneys, so a safer drug is used
为什么是这个答案
ACE inhibitors and ARBs cause fetal kidney damage, oligohydramnios and other problems, especially later in pregnancy. Drugs such as labetalol, nifedipine or methyldopa are used instead.
答案
A · ACE inhibitors harm fetal kidneys, so a safer drug is used
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 8 × 0.04 = 0.32 s
RR = 15 × 0.04 = 0.60 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.32/√0.60 = 0.32/0.7746 = 0.413 s
答案
QTc = 0.413 s
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(413 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 48 个小格,1500 ÷ 48 ≈ 31 次/分。
2. 节律:R–R 规则(1.92 s),P–P 规则(0.76 s),但二者互相独立。
3. P 波:直立且规则,为 79 次/分,但与 QRS 波群无关联;有些藏在 QRS 或 T 波中。