A 19-year-old starts an SSRI for depression. Which is most important for the nurse to monitor during the first weeks?
ADaily bowel movements only
BBlood glucose before every meal and at bedtime
CHearing loss and tinnitus
DNew or worsening suicidal thoughts or agitation
8.药理学困难
A patient taking a GLP-1 receptor agonist such as semaglutide has severe, constant upper abdominal pain spreading to the back, with vomiting. What should the nurse suspect?
AConstipation; a laxative will solve the problem
BAcute pancreatitis; the drug is stopped and urgent assessment arranged
CHypoglycaemia; the patient should eat sweets and continue as usual
DExpected nausea; the patient should take the next dose with food
答案: D · New or worsening suicidal thoughts or agitation
为什么是这个答案
Antidepressants can increase suicidal thinking in young people, especially early in treatment or after dose changes. Close follow-up and a clear plan for reporting such thoughts are essential.
答案
D · New or worsening suicidal thoughts or agitation
8.药理学
答案: B · Acute pancreatitis; the drug is stopped and urgent assessment arranged
为什么是这个答案
Mild nausea is common with GLP-1 agonists, but severe persistent abdominal pain radiating to the back suggests pancreatitis. The drug is stopped and the patient needs urgent assessment, including serum lipase or amylase.
答案
B · Acute pancreatitis; the drug is stopped and urgent assessment arranged
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 8 × 0.04 = 0.32 s
RR = 17 × 0.04 = 0.68 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.32/√0.68 = 0.32/0.8246 = 0.388 s
答案
QTc = 0.388 s
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(388 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 每组的 P 波数 = 3
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。