内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
方法
- 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
- 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
- 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
- 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
- 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
What is the purpose of cardiac resynchronisation therapy (a biventricular pacemaker)?
A patient has been on continuous NIV via a full-face mask for two days. Which nursing measure helps prevent the most common complication?
What is the main purpose of continuous bladder irrigation after a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)?
一名 DKA 患者正在好转:血糖 9 mmol/L,酮体 0.4 mmol/L,pH 7.36。患者能进食和饮水。应如何停用静脉胰岛素?
A patient is starting regular oral morphine. Which bowel advice is most appropriate?
A nurse teaches a patient with GORD. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
一名 1 型糖尿病患者呕吐且进食很少。正确的患病期间(sick-day)建议是什么?
A patient has a painful, punched-out ulcer on the toes, with a cold, pale foot and weak foot pulses. Which type of ulcer is most likely?
How should a blood sample for serum ammonia be handled?
A patient's results: sodium 140 mEq/L, chloride 100 mEq/L, bicarbonate 12 mEq/L. What is the anion gap, and what does it suggest?
某练习动脉血气显示 pH 7.59,PaCO₂ 26 mmHg (3.5 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 24 mmol/L。原发性紊乱是呼吸性碱中毒。代偿到什么程度?点选你的答案。
练习数值:Na⁺ 139,Cl⁻ 109,HCO₃⁻ 17 mmol/L,白蛋白 35 g/L。求经白蛋白校正的阴离子间隙 AGc = AG + 0.25·(40 − 白蛋白)。
在这条规则的 II 导联心电图上测量 QT 间期和 R–R 间期,然后用 Bazett 公式 QTc = QT/√RR(均以秒计)计算经心率校正的QTc。答案以秒表示,保留三位小数。
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
A patient has heart failure. Which instruction about daily weights is best to give the nursing assistant?
A patient has a heart rate of 38/min, feels dizzy and has a blood pressure of 80/50 mmHg. Which drug is usually given first, as prescribed?
答案: D · To make both ventricles contract together and more efficiently
In heart failure with a wide QRS (often left bundle branch block), the ventricles contract out of step. Pacing both ventricles restores coordinated contraction, improving symptoms and survival. Many devices also include a defibrillator.
答案: A · Check mask fit and protect the bridge of the nose
Pressure injury over the bridge of the nose is common with NIV masks. Correctly sized masks, avoiding overtightening (allowing a small gap under the straps), protective dressings and regular skin checks reduce it. Other problems include eye irritation, dryness and gastric distension.
答案: C · To stop blood clots from blocking the catheter
After TURP, the raw prostate bed bleeds, and clots can block the catheter and cause retention and bladder spasms. Continuous irrigation through a three-way catheter keeps the drainage flowing.
答案: D · 随餐给予皮下胰岛素,重叠一段时间后停止静脉输注
静脉胰岛素的半衰期很短。在皮下胰岛素起效前停用会导致反跳性酮症。应给予皮下胰岛素,并将输注继续一段设定的重叠时间(随餐给予速效胰岛素后常为 30–60 分钟)。现代方案中,输注期间常继续使用基础胰岛素。
答案: A · Start a regular laxative at the same time
Opioids slow gut movement, and tolerance to constipation does not develop. A regular laxative, often a stimulant with a softener, is started with the opioid, alongside fluids and mobility where possible.
答案: B · "Peppermint tea after dinner will settle my reflux."
Peppermint can relax the lower oesophageal sphincter and may worsen reflux. Weight loss, stopping smoking and avoiding personal triggers are standard lifestyle measures.
答案: A · 不要停用胰岛素;更频繁地检测血糖和酮体
1 型糖尿病患者停用胰岛素可迅速导致 DKA。患者应继续使用胰岛素,监测血糖和酮体,多饮水,若酮体升高应寻求帮助。
答案: C · An arterial ulcer
Arterial ulcers are usually on the feet or toes, painful and punched-out, with signs of poor perfusion. Venous ulcers are usually around the ankle, shallow and associated with swelling and skin staining.
答案: C · Placed on ice and sent to the laboratory at once
Ammonia can rise in a standing sample as red cells and proteins break down. The sample is usually placed on ice and analyzed promptly to avoid a falsely high result.
答案: C · 28 mEq/L, a high anion gap
The anion gap is 140 − (100 + 12) = 28 mEq/L; a typical normal value is about 8–12 mEq/L when potassium is not included. A high anion gap metabolic acidosis suggests unmeasured acids, for example ketones in DKA or lactate in shock.核对依据: Anion Gap Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: 未代偿
解读血气(ROME):先看 pH:低于 7.35 为酸血症,高于 7.45 为碱血症。然后找出能解释它的指标。PaCO₂(正常 35–45 mmHg,4.7–6.0 kPa)是呼吸方面的指标,在呼吸性紊乱中与 pH 反向(Opposite)变化;HCO₃⁻(正常 22–26 mmol/L)是代谢方面的指标,与 pH 同向变化(Respiratory Opposite, Metabolic Equal,即呼吸性相反,代谢性相同)。另一个指标显示代偿情况:正常表示未代偿;沿着使 pH 回升的方向异常、而 pH 仍然异常,表示部分代偿;pH 正常而两个指标都异常,表示完全代偿。各实验室的范围略有差异;这些是练习用数值。
答案: AGc = 14.25 mmol/L
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
校正后高于约 12:阴离子间隙升高。
答案: QTc = 0.48 s
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
超过男性(约 0.45 s)和女性(约 0.46 s)的通常上限:延长。(480 ms)
答案: 三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
II 型和三度阻滞可能突然进展,所以教科书将它们列为比 I 型更严重。
答案: B · “Weigh him each morning before breakfast, on the same scale, and tell me the result.”
Daily weights are measured at the same time, on the same scale and in similar clothing so that changes show real fluid gain. A quick rise in weight can be an early sign of worsening heart failure.
答案: A · Atropine
Atropine is the first-line drug for symptomatic bradycardia. Metoprolol, digoxin and diltiazem slow the heart and would make things worse; pacing may be needed if atropine does not work.
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