Which instruction from the registered nurse to a healthcare assistant (unlicensed assistive personnel) caring for a patient with COPD is most appropriate?
A"Listen to his chest after lunch and let me know what you can hear."
B"Teach him how to use his new inhaler this afternoon after his rest."
C"Turn his oxygen up to whatever he needs if he looks short of breath."
D"Tell me straight away if his SpO₂ is under 88% or he is more breathless."
3.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等
为什么脊髓损伤后常教患者间歇性自我导尿?
A主要用于准确测量尿量
B它训练膀胱随时间逐渐变大
C它完全消除尿路感染的风险
D膀胱可能无法排空,定期排空可保护肾脏
4.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难
A nurse teaches a wheelchair user with a spinal cord injury about skin care. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I will shift my weight in the chair regularly."
B"I will use a mirror to check my bottom and heels every day."
C"I only need to check my skin when something hurts."
D"I will keep my skin clean and dry."
5.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等
Which burn should usually be discussed with a specialist burns service even if it is small?
AA tiny burn on the forearm with redness only
BA small superficial sunburn on the back
CA partial-thickness burn on the hand
DA healed burn scar from many years ago
6.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难
外科病房有四位患者。护士应首先评估哪位患者?
A术后第 3 天:因便秘要求使用泻药
B稳定的回肠造口:请求帮助更换造口袋
C中性粒细胞减少:一小时前体温正常,感觉良好
D肠道手术后四小时:脉搏 118 次/分,血压 90/55 mmHg
7.临床护理中等
Which blood results are typical of Addison's disease (primary adrenal insufficiency)?
ALow haemoglobin and high platelets
BLow sodium and high potassium
CHigh sodium and low potassium
DHigh glucose and high calcium
8.临床护理困难
一名急性胰腺炎患者上腹部剧痛并放射至背部。哪项护理最重要?
A充分镇痛、静脉补液以及密切监测液体平衡
B吃一顿高脂餐以刺激胰腺
C严格卧床且不做观察
D限制所有液体
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等
静脉注射葡萄糖酸钙如何帮助重度高钾血症患者?
A在肠道中结合钾,使其随粪便排出
B增加肾脏对钾的排泄
C稳定心肌细胞膜,但不降低钾
D使钾从血液转移到细胞内
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难
Two weeks after a sore throat, a child develops dark (cola-colored) urine, puffy eyes and high blood pressure. Urinalysis shows red cell casts and protein. Which condition is most likely?
答案: D · "Tell me straight away if his SpO₂ is under 88% or he is more breathless."
为什么是这个答案
Delegated tasks should come with specific parameters for reporting. Changing oxygen therapy, chest assessment and patient teaching need a registered nurse's knowledge and judgement. Clear reporting instructions keep the patient safe.
答案
D · "Tell me straight away if his SpO₂ is under 88% or he is more breathless."
答案: C · "I only need to check my skin when something hurts."
为什么是这个答案
Patients usually cannot feel pain below the injury, so pain cannot warn them of pressure damage. They need daily skin checks, often with a mirror, regular pressure relief and good skin hygiene.
答案
C · "I only need to check my skin when something hurts."
5.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤
答案: C · A partial-thickness burn on the hand
为什么是这个答案
Burns of the face, hands, feet, genitalia, perineum and major joints, as well as circumferential, chemical, electrical and inhalation injuries, usually need specialist advice because of their risks and functional impact.
Without aldosterone, the kidneys lose sodium and retain potassium. Patients may also have low blood pressure, low glucose and increased skin pigmentation.
Red cell casts show bleeding from the glomeruli, which is typical of glomerulonephritis. After a streptococcal infection, immune complexes inflame the glomeruli, causing hematuria, proteinuria, edema and hypertension. Cystitis and stones do not cause red cell casts.核对依据:Strep A Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
测量
跨越停顿,从 R 波到 R 波共 42 个小格
转换
停顿 = 42 × 0.04 s = 1.68 s
与 P–P 比较
1.68 ÷ 0.96 ≈ 1.8 个 P–P 周期,不是整数
答案
停顿 = 1.68 s
停顿中没有出现 P 波,且停顿不是 P–P 周期的整数倍:窦性停搏。恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞。
14.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心室起搏心律
起搏心律:起搏器脉冲表现为一条细而垂直的起搏钉样信号。心室钉样信号之后的 QRS 是增宽的(0.12 s 或以上),因为冲动是从导线经心肌传播,而不是经传导系统;右心室起搏时,在 II 导联上通常以负向为主。P 波之前的钉样信号表示心房起搏;双腔(房室)起搏器则表现为心房钉样信号加 P 波,再经过程控的房室延迟,出现心室钉样信号和增宽的 QRS。夺获是指每个钉样信号之后都跟着一次除极。夺获失败是指钉样信号之后没有 P 波或 QRS;感知不良(钉样信号无视患者自己的心搏)和起搏不良(该出现钉样信号时没有)是另外两种典型的故障。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 25 个小格,1500 ÷ 25 ≈ 60 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.00 s。
3. P 波:看不到;每个 QRS 之前都有一个尖锐的起搏钉样信号。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.14 s,增宽,每个起搏钉样信号之后都跟着一个 QRS(夺获)。
解读
心室起搏心律
答案
心室起搏心律
起搏产生的 QRS 本来就是增宽的;不要称它为束支传导阻滞或室性心律。
15.优先排序与委派
答案: C · Get the patient some carbohydrate food now and check the glucose
为什么是这个答案
Rapid-acting insulin starts working within minutes, so a long delay before eating risks hypoglycemia. The nurse arranges food or carbohydrate now and monitors the glucose.
答案
C · Get the patient some carbohydrate food now and check the glucose
16.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Back blows and chest thrusts
为什么是这个答案
For a choking infant, the nurse gives cycles of five back blows and five chest thrusts. Abdominal thrusts are not used in infants, and blind finger sweeps can push the object deeper.