Why is a shock for cardioversion synchronised with the QRS complex?
ATo avoid delivering the shock during the T wave
BTo allow the use of a lower battery charge
CTo keep the pads from burning the skin
DTo make the shock less painful for the patient
2.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难
A smoker has severe shoulder and arm pain, a drooping eyelid, a small pupil and reduced sweating on the same side of the face. What should be suspected?
AA simple migraine
BA tumour at the apex of the lung (Pancoast tumour)
CA frozen shoulder with referred pain to the face
DA stroke affecting the brainstem on the opposite side
3.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等
Why is once-daily prednisolone usually taken in the morning with food?
ABecause food doubles the strength of the dose
BBecause it cannot be absorbed at night
CTo match the natural cortisol rhythm and protect the stomach
DBecause it causes drowsiness and is safer to take during the day
4.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难
Six hours after a catheter is removed, a patient has not passed urine and feels uncomfortable. What should the nurse do?
APut the catheter back without assessing
BTell the patient to drink two litres of water quickly
CDo a bladder scan to check for retention
DWait until the next morning before checking
5.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等
为什么上消化道出血患者的尿素升高可能比肌酐升高得多?
A肌酐随呕吐物从体内丢失
B出血总是直接损伤肾小管
C被消化的血液是蛋白质负荷,会使尿素升高
D尿素由出血的胃黏膜产生
6.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难
一名患有慢性肾脏病的 74 岁患者术后剧烈疼痛。哪个阿片类药物问题最重要?
A肾功能对阿片类药物的处理没有影响
B吗啡的代谢产物会蓄积,因此可能需要较低剂量或换用其他阿片类药物
C吗啡是肾衰竭时最安全的阿片类药物,因此可以随意增加剂量
D无论疼痛如何,老年人绝不能使用阿片类药物
7.临床护理中等
Which advice is important for a patient on long-term oral corticosteroids?
ATake them only when symptoms flare
BDouble the dose if a dose is missed
CTake them on an empty stomach at night
DDo not stop them suddenly
8.临床护理困难
一名急性胰腺炎患者上腹部剧痛并放射至背部。哪项护理最重要?
A严格卧床且不做观察
B充分镇痛、静脉补液以及密切监测液体平衡
C吃一顿高脂餐以刺激胰腺
D限制所有液体
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A week after a splenectomy, a patient's platelet count is 650 × 10³/µL. What is the best interpretation?
AAn expected rise after splenectomy that increases clot risk
BA sign of iron overload from the surgery and transfusion
CA laboratory error, because platelets fall after splenectomy
DA sign of new leukemia that needs immediate chemotherapy
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QT = s
14.心电图节律条带解读困难
依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1折旧率
2节律
3P 波
4PR 间期
5QRS 时限
15.优先排序与委派中等
Which two patients can most safely share a room?
ATwo patients who both have C. difficile infection
BA patient with chickenpox and a patient on chemotherapy
CA patient with influenza and a patient with COPD
DA patient with MRSA in a wound and a patient after surgery
16.优先排序与委派困难
一名患者正通过中心静脉导管接受肠外营养。哪项发现需要立即处理?
A自昨天起体重增加 0.2 kg
B导管上的敷料干燥完整
C输注过程中血糖 150 mg/dL(8.3 mmol/L)
D输注意外中断后出现出汗、颤抖,血糖 62 mg/dL(3.4 mmol/L)
3溶液
1.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
答案: A · To avoid delivering the shock during the T wave
为什么是这个答案
A shock delivered on the T wave (the vulnerable period) can trigger ventricular fibrillation. Synchronisation times the shock to the R wave. In ventricular fibrillation there is no organised QRS, so defibrillation is unsynchronised.
答案
A · To avoid delivering the shock during the T wave
2.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
答案: B · A tumour at the apex of the lung (Pancoast tumour)
为什么是这个答案
A tumour in the lung apex can invade the brachial plexus (shoulder and arm pain) and the sympathetic chain, causing Horner's syndrome (ptosis, miosis, reduced sweating). It is a classic presentation of lung cancer that needs urgent imaging.
答案
B · A tumour at the apex of the lung (Pancoast tumour)
3.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏
答案: C · To match the natural cortisol rhythm and protect the stomach
为什么是这个答案
Morning dosing mimics the normal early-morning cortisol peak, causes less adrenal suppression and less sleep disturbance. Taking it with food reduces gastric irritation.
答案
C · To match the natural cortisol rhythm and protect the stomach
4.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏
答案: C · Do a bladder scan to check for retention
为什么是这个答案
After catheter removal, the patient is monitored for voiding. Discomfort without voiding suggests retention. A bladder scan shows the volume, and the team decides whether to re-catheterise or use intermittent catheterisation.
Long-term steroids suppress the adrenal glands, so stopping suddenly can cause adrenal crisis. Patients should carry a steroid alert card or medical ID and follow sick-day guidance.
答案: A · An expected rise after splenectomy that increases clot risk
为什么是这个答案
The spleen stores about a third of the platelets. After splenectomy, the count often rises (reactive thrombocytosis), which can increase the risk of thrombosis. The count is monitored, and the patient is assessed for signs of clots.核对依据:Platelet count · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Platelet Tests · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案
A · An expected rise after splenectomy that increases clot risk
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
从 QRS 起点到 T 波终点共 9 个小格
转换
QT = 9 × 0.04 s = 0.36 s
答案
QT = 0.36 s
粗略的规则:在正常心率下,QT 应小于 R–R 间期的一半(此处 R–R = 0.92 s)。
14.心电图节律条带解读
答案: QRS 时限
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 22 个小格,1500 ÷ 22 ≈ 68 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.88 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.18 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.12 s,增宽(0.12 s 或以上)。
第一个异常的步骤
QRS 时限 → 窦性心律伴宽 QRS
答案
QRS 时限
15.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Two patients who both have C. difficile infection
为什么是这个答案
Cohorting patients with the same organism is acceptable when single rooms are not available. The other pairs would expose a vulnerable patient to an infection.
答案
A · Two patients who both have C. difficile infection