内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
方法
- 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
- 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
- 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
- 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
- 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Why is intravenous furosemide given slowly rather than as a rapid push of a large dose?
A nurse teaches a patient with heart failure who takes ramipril and spironolactone. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A patient taking a GLP-1 receptor agonist has severe, constant upper abdominal pain spreading to the back, with vomiting. What should the nurse suspect?
A patient on haemodialysis is on a medical ward. Which task can the registered nurse delegate to a healthcare assistant (nursing assistant)?
Which factor can precipitate hepatic encephalopathy in a patient with cirrhosis?
开始治疗高级别淋巴瘤的化疗两天后,一名患者尿量减少;血钾 6.4 mmol/L,磷酸盐高,钙低。护士应怀疑什么并如何处理?
一名肝硬化患者出现意识混乱、嗜睡,双手有扑翼样震颤。可能发生了哪种并发症?
A drowsy patient in recovery is making snoring sounds and the SpO2 is falling. What is the first action?
A patient on warfarin for atrial fibrillation has a target INR of 2.0–3.0. How does the usual target for a patient with a mechanical mitral valve compare?
A patient with chronic kidney disease stage 4 has a high phosphate, a low-normal calcium and a very high parathyroid hormone (PTH). What does this show?
练习数值:Na⁺ 143 mmol/L,葡萄糖 14.7 mmol/L,尿素 22.5 mmol/L。计算血清渗透压 Osm = 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖 + 尿素,取最接近的整数。
练习数值:Na⁺ 144,Cl⁻ 116,HCO₃⁻ 13 mmol/L。使用 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻) 计算 Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻)。保留两位小数。
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房扑动。每个 QRS 波群对应多少个每个 QRS 对应的扑动波(n:1 传导中的 n)?
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
哪项陈述表明对委派中的问责有正确理解?
A patient is admitted with suspected meningococcal meningitis. Which precautions are needed until treatment has been given for long enough?
答案: D · Rapid high doses can damage hearing
High plasma levels of loop diuretics can cause tinnitus and hearing loss (ototoxicity), especially with fast injection, renal impairment or other ototoxic drugs such as aminoglycosides. Large IV doses are therefore given slowly.
答案: D · "I will use a salt substitute instead of ordinary salt."
Many salt substitutes contain potassium chloride. With an ACE inhibitor and spironolactone, both of which raise potassium, they can cause dangerous hyperkalaemia. Daily weights, reporting rapid weight gain and avoiding NSAIDs (which cause fluid retention) are correct.
答案: C · Acute pancreatitis
GLP-1 receptor agonists have been linked to acute pancreatitis. Severe persistent abdominal pain radiating to the back needs urgent assessment, and the drug is stopped if pancreatitis is suspected.
答案: B · Weighing the patient before they go to dialysis
Weighing a patient is a routine task suitable for a trained assistant. Assessing the access, making medication decisions and teaching require the registered nurse's knowledge and judgement.
答案: C · Constipation
Constipation, GI bleeding, infection, dehydration, low potassium and sedative drugs can trigger encephalopathy. Keeping the bowels open, for example with lactulose, reduces ammonia absorption.
答案: B · 肿瘤溶解综合征:上报,开始心电监护,并预期静脉补液
快速生长的癌症开始治疗后出现高钾、高磷、低钙和尿量减少,提示肿瘤溶解综合征伴 AKI。需要紧急评估、心电监护、静脉补液、治疗高钾血症、按医嘱使用拉布立酶,可能还需要透析。
答案: D · 肝性脑病
肝性脑病引起意识混乱和扑翼样震颤。常用乳果糖减少氨的吸收,并治疗感染或出血等诱因。
答案: C · Open the airway with a head tilt–chin lift or jaw thrust
In a drowsy patient the tongue can fall back and obstruct the airway, causing snoring. Simple airway manoeuvres, oxygen and, if needed, an airway adjunct are used while help is called.
答案: B · Higher, about 2.5–3.5
Mechanical heart valves, especially in the mitral position, have a high risk of thrombosis, so the INR target is usually higher, about 2.5–3.5. An INR of 5 or more carries a high bleeding risk.核对依据: Label: WARFARIN SODIUM tablet · DailyMed (NLM/FDA) (2012)
答案: D · Secondary hyperparathyroidism from CKD
In CKD, phosphate retention and reduced activation of vitamin D lower calcium, which stimulates the parathyroid glands. The result is high PTH with high phosphate, causing bone disease. Phosphate binders, diet and active vitamin D are used.核对依据: Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023)
答案: Osm = 323 mOsm/kg
衍生数值:计算所得的血清渗透压为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖 + 尿素,各值均以 mmol/L 计(葡萄糖和 BUN 以 mg/dL 计时为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖/18 + BUN/2.8);正常约为 275–295 mOsm/kg。P/F 比值是 PaO₂ 除以以小数表示的 FiO₂。海平面的肺泡氧分压为 PAO₂ = FiO₂·(760 − 47) − PaCO₂/0.8 mmHg,A–a 梯度为 PAO₂ − PaO₂。
答案: Δ 比值 = 0.2727
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
低于 1:合并正常阴离子间隙酸中毒。
答案: 每个 QRS 对应的扑动波 = 4
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
答案: 室性心动过速
室性节律:室性心动过速是连续三个或以上宽大(0.12 s 或以上)的波群,频率超过 100 次/分,通常为 150–250 次/分,节律规则,没有相关的 P 波。心室颤动是紊乱、不规则的波形,无法辨认 P 波、QRS 波群或 T 波,也没有可计数的频率。心脏停搏是几乎平直的线,没有心室活动;平直线一定要通过检查患者、导联和增益并换一个导联来确认。在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律,心脏停搏则不是。
在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律。这里只是识别练习。
答案: D · “我对决定委派以及跟进结果负有问责。”
委派的护士对委派这一决定以及监督和评价负有问责。被委派者负责在其能力范围内正确地执行任务。
答案: D · Droplet precautions
Neisseria meningitidis spreads by respiratory droplets, so a surgical mask is worn within close range. Droplet precautions continue until the patient has received effective antibiotics for about 24 hours.
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