这条 II 导联心电图条带显示窦性心律伴一次停顿。测量 停顿,即跨越停顿的 R–R 间期,单位为秒。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
停顿 = s
14.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1一度房室传导阻滞
2二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
3二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
4心房颤动
15.优先排序与委派中等
A patient’s urinary catheter has drained no urine for two hours, and the lower abdomen is swollen. What should the nurse do first?
AEncourage the patient to drink more water
BGive a prescribed diuretic straight away
CCheck the tubing for kinks or obstruction
DRemove the catheter and wait for the patient to void
16.优先排序与委派困难
A visitor on the ward becomes threatening and shows a knife. What is the nurse’s priority?
AArgue with the visitor to persuade them to leave
BIgnore the visitor and carry on with patient care
CTry to take the knife away from the visitor straight away before anyone is hurt
DMove away to safety, keep others away and call security or the police
3溶液
1.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
答案: C · It can cause bronchospasm by blocking beta-2 receptors
为什么是这个答案
Beta-2 receptors in the airways mediate bronchodilation. Blocking them can trigger severe bronchospasm in asthma and also blunts the effect of salbutamol. Cardioselective beta-1 blockers are safer but still used with caution.
答案
C · It can cause bronchospasm by blocking beta-2 receptors
2.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
答案: B · Shout for help, open the airway and check breathing for up to 10 seconds
为什么是这个答案
In hospital, the nurse shouts for help, opens the airway and looks for normal breathing (and a pulse if trained) for up to 10 seconds. If the patient is not breathing normally, the arrest team is called and CPR started, with a defibrillator brought as soon as possible.
答案
B · Shout for help, open the airway and check breathing for up to 10 seconds
Amiodarone is rich in iodine and can cause both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Thyroid function is checked before and during treatment. The symptoms here suggest hypothyroidism.
答案
D · Thyroid function tests
5.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤
答案: A · So that carriers can be decolonised to reduce infection
为什么是这个答案
MRSA carriers have a higher risk of surgical site infection. Screening allows decolonisation with nasal ointment and skin washes, and the right antibiotic prophylaxis.
答案
A · So that carriers can be decolonised to reduce infection
6.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤
答案: A · Cancer and its treatment greatly increase clot risk
为什么是这个答案
Cancer, chemotherapy, central lines and immobility increase the risk of DVT and PE. Unilateral leg swelling needs assessment with ultrasound and possible anticoagulation.
答案
A · Cancer and its treatment greatly increase clot risk
7.临床护理
答案: B · Cool it under cool running water for about 20 minutes
为什么是这个答案
Cooling with running water for around 20 minutes limits tissue damage and pain. Ice can cause further injury, and the patient should be kept warm while the burn is cooled.
答案
B · Cool it under cool running water for about 20 minutes
8.临床护理
答案: B · Gently explore what the patient understands and what has prompted the question
为什么是这个答案
Exploring the patient's understanding and feelings opens an honest conversation and shows what information they want. The nurse can then involve the team for further discussion.
答案
B · Gently explore what the patient understands and what has prompted the question
9.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · Blood glucose
为什么是这个答案
PN contains concentrated dextrose, so hyperglycemia is common, especially at the start; glucose is checked frequently and insulin may be needed. Electrolytes, including phosphate, magnesium and potassium, are also monitored for refeeding syndrome.
答案
C · Blood glucose
10.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · Lithium 1.8 mEq/L with a new coarse tremor
为什么是这个答案
A lithium level of 1.8 mEq/L with a coarse tremor suggests toxicity, which can progress to confusion and seizures. The digoxin, phenytoin and valproate levels are within commonly cited ranges and the patients are stable.
窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
测量
跨越停顿,从 R 波到 R 波共 41 个小格
转换
停顿 = 41 × 0.04 s = 1.64 s
与 P–P 比较
1.64 ÷ 0.96 ≈ 1.7 个 P–P 周期,不是整数
答案
停顿 = 1.64 s
停顿中没有出现 P 波,且停顿不是 P–P 周期的整数倍:窦性停搏。恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞。
14.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 5 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 50 次/分。
2. 节律:规律性不规则,QRS 波群成组出现,组间有暂停(成组搏动)。
3. P 波:直立且规则(P–P 0.88 s,68 次/分);每 4 个 P 波中有一个后面没有 QRS。
4. PR 间期:逐渐延长 0.20 → 0.34 → 0.40 s,随后一个 P 波未下传。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
答案
二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
15.优先排序与委派
答案: C · Check the tubing for kinks or obstruction
为什么是这个答案
Sudden lack of drainage with a full bladder usually means a kinked or blocked catheter. The nurse checks the tubing and position first, then follows the policy for irrigation or replacement.
答案
C · Check the tubing for kinks or obstruction
16.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Move away to safety, keep others away and call security or the police
为什么是这个答案
In a threat involving a weapon, staff keep a safe distance, protect patients where possible and call security or the police. Trying to disarm the person puts staff at serious risk.
答案
D · Move away to safety, keep others away and call security or the police