内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
方法
- 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
- 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
- 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
- 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
- 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
What is the main problem in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction?
An adult inhales a peanut while laughing and now has a persistent cough and wheeze on one side. Where is the peanut most likely to have lodged?
一名患者卒中后出现同向性偏盲。护士起初应如何帮助?
一名老年 2 型糖尿病患者血糖 48 mmol/L,渗透压 365 mOsm/kg,无明显酮体,意识混乱。首要任务是什么?
Which rule about the sterile field is correct?
A surgical patient's MUST score is 3 and the wound is healing slowly. What is the most appropriate action?
Which rule is essential for safe use of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)?
Which route and site are recommended for the first dose of adrenaline (epinephrine) in anaphylaxis on a ward?
A patient with type 2 diabetes has a target HbA1c below 7% (53 mmol/mol). Today's result is 7.8% (62 mmol/mol). What is the best interpretation?
哪一组结果最能代表缺铁性贫血?
练习数值:Na⁺ 145 mmol/L,葡萄糖 27.8 mmol/L,尿素 16.6 mmol/L。计算血清渗透压 Osm = 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖 + 尿素,取最接近的整数。
练习数值:Na⁺ 142,Cl⁻ 100,HCO₃⁻ 13 mmol/L。使用 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻) 计算 Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻)。保留两位小数。
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房扑动。每个 QRS 波群对应多少个每个 QRS 对应的扑动波(n:1 传导中的 n)?
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
A patient is booked for a CT scan with iodinated contrast. Which of the patient’s medications may need to be held according to protocol?
一名上消化道出血的患者心率 128 次/分,血压 84/50 mmHg。以下都有医嘱。护士首先开始哪一项?
答案: D · A stiff ventricle that fills poorly in diastole
In HFpEF, the left ventricle is stiff and relaxes poorly, so filling pressures rise and cause congestion even though the ejection fraction is normal. It is common in older people with hypertension, diabetes and obesity. HFrEF is mainly a problem of contraction.
答案: C · The right main bronchus
Inhaled foreign bodies most often enter the right main bronchus and right lower lobe, because the right bronchus is wider, shorter and more vertical. Signs include a unilateral wheeze, reduced breath sounds and recurrent infection. Bronchoscopy is used for removal.
答案: D · 从看得见的一侧接近,并教其转头扫视
起初,把重要物品放在视力完好的一侧并从该侧接近患者,可提高安全性。随着时间推移,教患者向缺失的视野侧转头扫视。遮盖一只眼没有帮助,因为双眼丢失的是同一半视野。
答案: D · 谨慎静脉补液,并密切检查渗透压、血钠和血糖
HHS 首先用静脉补液治疗,单靠补液往往就能降低血糖。渗透压迅速下降有脑水肿风险,所以要逐渐降低。如果有酮体,或补液后血糖不再下降,则以低速率加用胰岛素。由于血栓风险高,VTE 预防很重要。
答案: B · If sterility is in doubt, the item is treated as contaminated
Sterile technique treats any doubtful item as contaminated. A gown is sterile only from chest to waist in front, and wet packaging can let microorganisms through.
答案: B · Refer to the dietitian, start a nutrition plan and monitor intake
A MUST score of 2 or more indicates high risk of malnutrition. Poor nutrition delays healing, so the nurse refers to the dietitian, starts a care plan with food charts and supplements as advised, and rescreens regularly.
答案: D · Only the patient should press the button
If the patient becomes too sedated, they stop pressing the button, which protects them. When others press it, this safety mechanism is lost and overdose can occur.
答案: D · Intramuscular injection into the anterolateral thigh
IM adrenaline into the outer thigh is absorbed quickly and is the first-line route. IV adrenaline is reserved for experienced specialists with full monitoring because of the risk of arrhythmias.
答案: A · Average glucose over the past months has been above the target
An HbA1c of 7.8% shows that average glucose has been above the individual target over about 2–3 months. The nurse explores diet, activity, medication use and barriers, and the treatment plan may be adjusted.
答案: D · 血红蛋白低、红细胞小(MCV 低)和铁蛋白低
缺铁引起小细胞性贫血(MCV 低),铁储备低(铁蛋白低)。红细胞大提示维生素 B12 或叶酸缺乏。
答案: Osm = 334 mOsm/kg
衍生数值:计算所得的血清渗透压为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖 + 尿素,各值均以 mmol/L 计(葡萄糖和 BUN 以 mg/dL 计时为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖/18 + BUN/2.8);正常约为 275–295 mOsm/kg。P/F 比值是 PaO₂ 除以以小数表示的 FiO₂。海平面的肺泡氧分压为 PAO₂ = FiO₂·(760 − 47) − PaCO₂/0.8 mmHg,A–a 梯度为 PAO₂ − PaO₂。
答案: Δ 比值 = 1.545
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
介于 1 和 2 之间:单纯高阴离子间隙酸中毒。
答案: 每个 QRS 对应的扑动波 = 2
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
答案: 二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
II 型和三度阻滞可能突然进展,所以教科书将它们列为比 I 型更严重。
答案: C · Metformin
If contrast causes kidney injury, metformin can build up and cause lactic acidosis. Protocols often hold metformin around the procedure, especially when kidney function is reduced.
答案: D · 通过大口径套管静脉输液或输血
心动过速和低血压显示低血容量性休克,因此首先恢复循环血容量,按医嘱使用液体或血制品并密切监测。抑酸和内镜检查在复苏进行之后,口服铁剂属于后期恢复。
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