答案: C · Directly observed therapy with support for barriers to adherence
为什么是这个答案
Directly observed therapy, where a health worker watches each dose, plus help with practical and social barriers, improves completion and reduces multidrug-resistant TB. Single-drug therapy or interrupted treatment breeds resistance.
答案
C · Directly observed therapy with support for barriers to adherence
3.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏
答案: A · Dry mouth and constipation
为什么是这个答案
Oxybutynin blocks muscarinic receptors, causing dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, urinary retention and, especially in older adults, confusion. Newer agents may have fewer effects on the brain.
答案
A · Dry mouth and constipation
4.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏
答案: A · Secondary hyperparathyroidism from CKD
为什么是这个答案
In CKD, phosphate retention and low active vitamin D lower calcium, so the parathyroid glands release more PTH. This secondary hyperparathyroidism weakens bone. Treatment includes phosphate control, vitamin D and sometimes calcimimetics.
答案: C · Inform the anaesthetist, as surgery may be delayed
为什么是这个答案
Solid food is usually stopped 6 hours before anaesthesia because of aspiration risk. The anaesthetist decides whether to delay or change the plan; the nurse reports accurately and does not hide the information.
答案
C · Inform the anaesthetist, as surgery may be delayed
7.临床护理
答案: C · 钾和磷
为什么是这个答案
受损的肾脏难以排出钾和磷,因此常需要饮食限制,同时限制盐,有时还要限制液体和蛋白质。
答案
C · 钾和磷
8.临床护理
答案: C · Some anticonvulsants or antidepressants, such as gabapentin
为什么是这个答案
Neuropathic pain responds poorly to standard analgesics. Drugs that modify nerve signalling, such as gabapentinoids and some antidepressants, are used, with doses increased gradually.
答案
C · Some anticonvulsants or antidepressants, such as gabapentin
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
从 QRS 起点到 T 波终点共 8.5 个小格
转换
QT = 8.5 × 0.04 s = 0.34 s
答案
QT = 0.34 s
粗略的规则:在正常心率下,QT 应小于 R–R 间期的一半(此处 R–R = 0.60 s)。
14.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 双腔(房室)起搏心律
起搏心律:起搏器脉冲表现为一条细而垂直的起搏钉样信号。心室钉样信号之后的 QRS 是增宽的(0.12 s 或以上),因为冲动是从导线经心肌传播,而不是经传导系统;右心室起搏时,在 II 导联上通常以负向为主。P 波之前的钉样信号表示心房起搏;双腔(房室)起搏器则表现为心房钉样信号加 P 波,再经过程控的房室延迟,出现心室钉样信号和增宽的 QRS。夺获是指每个钉样信号之后都跟着一次除极。夺获失败是指钉样信号之后没有 P 波或 QRS;感知不良(钉样信号无视患者自己的心搏)和起搏不良(该出现钉样信号时没有)是另外两种典型的故障。
答案: A · A confused older adult at high risk of falls
为什么是这个答案
A confused patient at high risk of falls benefits from being close to staff, so they can be observed and helped quickly. The other patients are stable and independent.