内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
方法
- 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
- 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
- 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
- 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
- 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient with bronchiectasis of the right lower lobe is taught postural drainage. How should they be positioned?
一名因心房颤动服用华法林的患者被开具克拉霉素。哪项措施最恰当?
A kidney transplant recipient asks about travel vaccines. Which statement is correct?
一名老年男性 10 小时未排尿,下腹疼痛,膀胱扫描为 1100 mL。肌酐已升高。最可能的原因和处理是什么?
Which drug class is used to reduce the risk of a first variceal bleed in cirrhosis?
一名患有慢性肾脏病的 74 岁患者术后剧烈疼痛。哪个阿片类药物问题最重要?
Which blood results are typical of Addison's disease (primary adrenal insufficiency)?
A patient with severe ulcerative colitis develops abdominal distension, fever and tachycardia, and the number of stools falls. What complication should be suspected?
A trauma patient receives 2 L of IV crystalloid. The hemoglobin falls from 13.0 to 11.4 g/dL (130 to 114 g/L), and the vital signs are now stable. Which explanation is most likely?
A patient on high-dose dexamethasone has a white cell count of 15 × 10³/µL, mostly mature neutrophils with no bands. They have no fever and no signs of infection. What is the most likely explanation?
某练习血气显示 PaCO₂ 67 mmHg (8.9 kPa)。利用规则:在急性呼吸性酸中毒中,PaCO₂ 每比 40 高出 10 mmHg,HCO₃⁻ 升高 1 mmol/L,以HCO₃⁻ 24 mmol/L 为起点,求预期HCO₃⁻。
某练习血气显示代谢性酸中毒:pH 7.29,PaCO₂ 26 mmHg (3.5 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 12 mmol/L。把实测的PaCO₂与温特公式比较。点选你的解读。
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
这位患者装有起搏器。请解读这条 II 导联心电图条带。点击你的答案。
Using the Emergency Severity Index, which level fits a 70-year-old with chest pressure that suggests a heart attack, but normal vital signs?
An RN has five patients and a nursing assistant. One patient has just become short of breath. Which task should the RN delegate so that the RN can go to that patient?
答案: C · With the affected lobe uppermost so gravity drains it
Postural drainage places the patient so the affected segment is above the main bronchus, letting gravity move secretions towards the larger airways to be coughed up. It is combined with breathing techniques. Head-down positions are avoided in patients with reflux, recent surgery or breathlessness.
答案: C · 询问是否应提前检查 INR,因为它可能升高
包括克拉霉素等大环内酯类、某些氟喹诺酮类和复方磺胺甲噁唑在内的几种抗生素,可使 INR 升高并增加出血风险。需要更密切地监测 INR,并可能需要调整剂量。未经建议停用或加倍华法林是不安全的。
答案: A · Live vaccines are usually avoided
Live vaccines, such as yellow fever, can cause infection in immunosuppressed patients and are usually avoided. Inactivated vaccines, such as influenza, are recommended, although the response may be weaker.
答案: C · 尿潴留;遵医嘱导尿,并观察是否出现大量利尿
尿潴留(常由前列腺增大引起)可引起肾后性 AKI。治疗是用导尿管解除梗阻。大量尿液引流后,部分患者会出现明显的梗阻后利尿,因此要监测液体平衡、电解质和血压。
答案: A · Non-selective beta-blockers
Non-selective beta-blockers such as propranolol or carvedilol reduce portal pressure and the risk of variceal bleeding. Endoscopic band ligation is an alternative or addition.
答案: C · 吗啡的代谢产物会蓄积,因此可能需要较低剂量或换用其他阿片类药物
吗啡的活性代谢产物(如吗啡-6-葡萄糖醛酸苷)经肾脏排泄,在肾功能受损时蓄积,引起镇静和呼吸抑制。可在密切监测下使用较低剂量、较长间隔或替代的阿片类药物。高龄会增加敏感性。
答案: B · Low sodium and high potassium
Without aldosterone, the kidneys lose sodium and retain potassium. Patients may also have low blood pressure, low glucose and increased skin pigmentation.
答案: A · Toxic megacolon
Toxic megacolon is acute dilatation of the inflamed colon with systemic toxicity, and it can perforate. Reduced stool frequency with worsening distension is a warning sign needing urgent surgical review.
答案: C · Dilution of the blood by the IV fluid
IV fluids dilute the blood, so the hemoglobin falls even without further bleeding. Ongoing bleeding must still be considered, so vital signs, wounds and repeat hemoglobin values are monitored.
答案: D · A steroid effect that moves neutrophils into the circulating blood
Corticosteroids raise the neutrophil count by releasing marginated neutrophils and slowing their exit from the blood, usually without a left shift. The nurse still assesses carefully, because steroids can also hide the usual signs of infection.
答案: HCO₃⁻ = 26.7 mmol/L
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: 适当的代偿
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: 窦性心律伴室性早搏
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
答案: 双腔(房室)起搏心律
起搏心律:起搏器脉冲表现为一条细而垂直的起搏钉样信号。心室钉样信号之后的 QRS 是增宽的(0.12 s 或以上),因为冲动是从导线经心肌传播,而不是经传导系统;右心室起搏时,在 II 导联上通常以负向为主。P 波之前的钉样信号表示心房起搏;双腔(房室)起搏器则表现为心房钉样信号加 P 波,再经过程控的房室延迟,出现心室钉样信号和增宽的 QRS。夺获是指每个钉样信号之后都跟着一次除极。夺获失败是指钉样信号之后没有 P 波或 QRS;感知不良(钉样信号无视患者自己的心搏)和起搏不良(该出现钉样信号时没有)是另外两种典型的故障。
起搏产生的 QRS 本来就是增宽的;不要称它为束支传导阻滞或室性心律。
答案: D · Level 2
Possible acute coronary syndrome is a high-risk situation, so the patient is ESI level 2 and should be seen very soon. Level 1 is kept for patients who need an immediate life-saving intervention.
答案: B · Morning vital signs on the four stable patients
Routine vital signs on stable patients can be delegated, freeing the RN to assess and treat the unstable patient. Assessment, IV medication and explaining a new diagnosis stay with the RN.
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/medical-surgical-nursing