内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
方法
- 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
- 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
- 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
- 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
- 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient has chest pain at rest in the early morning with brief ST elevation that resolves. Coronary arteries are later found to be clear. Which condition is most likely?
A patient with severe sepsis becomes increasingly breathless over 24 hours. SpO₂ stays low despite high-flow oxygen, and the chest X-ray shows bilateral infiltrates. The heart function is normal. Which condition is most likely?
长期服用苯妥英的患者应被告知哪种副作用?
一名护士正在护理四位患者。应首先看哪位患者?
Which long-term effect must be monitored in patients receiving anthracyclines such as doxorubicin?
一名患者正在接受负压伤口治疗。泵报警,敷料失去了密封。最恰当的措施是什么?
Which mask is required for staff during an aerosol-generating procedure on a patient with a respiratory infection spread by aerosols?
A nurse teaches a patient with diabetes about foot care. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A patient taking spironolactone asks about using a salt substitute. What should the nurse explain?
一名转移性乳腺癌患者钙为 13.2 mg/dL(3.3 mmol/L),意识模糊并便秘。护士预期会首先开始哪种处方治疗?
某练习动脉血气显示 pH 7.38,PaCO₂ 56 mmHg (7.5 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 32 mmol/L。原发性紊乱是呼吸性酸中毒。代偿到什么程度?点选你的答案。
某练习血气显示 pH 7.27,PaCO₂ 25 mmHg (3.3 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 11 mmol/L,Na⁺ 146,Cl⁻ 102 mmol/L。利用阴离子间隙和 Δ 比值,点选最合适的解读。
在这条规则的 II 导联心电图上测量 QT 间期和 R–R 间期,然后用 Bazett 公式 QTc = QT/√RR(均以秒计)计算经心率校正的QTc。答案以秒表示,保留三位小数。
这位患者装有起搏器。请解读这条 II 导联心电图条带。点击你的答案。
A nurse teaches a patient with COPD pursed-lip breathing. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A patient is deteriorating quickly. The nurse has called the provider twice, but the provider has not come. What is the best action?
答案: B · Vasospastic (Prinzmetal) angina
Vasospastic angina is caused by temporary coronary artery spasm, often at rest or at night, with transient ST elevation. It responds to calcium channel blockers and nitrates. Triggers include smoking, cold and cocaine.
答案: B · Acute respiratory distress syndrome
ARDS is acute, non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema caused by widespread inflammation, triggered by sepsis, pneumonia, trauma or pancreatitis. It causes severe hypoxaemia that responds poorly to oxygen, with bilateral infiltrates not explained by heart failure. Treatment includes lung-protective ventilation and often prone positioning.
答案: C · 牙龈增生,因此良好的口腔卫生很重要
苯妥英常引起牙龈增生,还可引起多毛、面部特征粗糙,高浓度时出现共济失调、眼球震颤和嗜睡。良好的牙齿护理可减少牙龈问题。该药治疗窗窄,因此要监测血药浓度。
答案: B · 开颅术后右侧瞳孔新近散大且反应迟钝的患者
脑部手术后新出现的单侧瞳孔散大且反应迟钝,提示颅内压升高压迫动眼神经,是可能脑疝的征象。需要立即评估,包括 GCS 和生命体征,并紧急上报。其他患者情况稳定,他们的需求可稍后满足。
答案: B · Damage to the heart muscle
Anthracyclines can cause cumulative, dose-related cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Cardiac function is checked before and during treatment, and a lifetime dose limit is applied.
答案: B · 恢复密封;如果及时无法恢复,改用湿性敷料
NPWT 需要气密的密封。如果密封或吸力丧失且不能及时恢复(许多指南规定约 2 小时内),应取出泡沫并换成标准敷料,以降低感染风险。安全间隔由制造商和当地指南规定。
答案: A · A fit-tested respirator mask (such as FFP3 or N95)
Aerosol-generating procedures, such as intubation, release small infectious particles. Respirators that are fit-tested protect the wearer, while surgical masks mainly protect against droplets.
答案: B · "I will walk barefoot at home to toughen my feet."
Diabetic neuropathy and poor circulation mean small injuries can become ulcers. Patients should avoid walking barefoot, inspect their feet daily and get professional foot care.
答案: C · Most salt substitutes contain potassium and can raise the level too high
Spironolactone blocks aldosterone, so the kidneys keep potassium. Many salt substitutes are made of potassium chloride, and combining them with spironolactone can cause dangerous hyperkalemia, especially with kidney disease or ACE inhibitors.核对依据: Spironolactone · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2018); High potassium level · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: C · 静脉输注 0.9% 氯化钠
高钙血症导致大量排尿和脱水。静脉生理盐水可恢复血容量并帮助肾脏排钙;随后通常使用双膦酸盐。噻嗪类药物减少钙的排泄,而制动会使骨释放钙。核对依据: Hypercalcemia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案: 完全代偿
解读血气(ROME):先看 pH:低于 7.35 为酸血症,高于 7.45 为碱血症。然后找出能解释它的指标。PaCO₂(正常 35–45 mmHg,4.7–6.0 kPa)是呼吸方面的指标,在呼吸性紊乱中与 pH 反向(Opposite)变化;HCO₃⁻(正常 22–26 mmol/L)是代谢方面的指标,与 pH 同向变化(Respiratory Opposite, Metabolic Equal,即呼吸性相反,代谢性相同)。另一个指标显示代偿情况:正常表示未代偿;沿着使 pH 回升的方向异常、而 pH 仍然异常,表示部分代偿;pH 正常而两个指标都异常,表示完全代偿。各实验室的范围略有差异;这些是练习用数值。
答案: 单纯高间隙酸中毒
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: QTc = 0.437 s
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(437 ms)
答案: 心室起搏心律
起搏心律:起搏器脉冲表现为一条细而垂直的起搏钉样信号。心室钉样信号之后的 QRS 是增宽的(0.12 s 或以上),因为冲动是从导线经心肌传播,而不是经传导系统;右心室起搏时,在 II 导联上通常以负向为主。P 波之前的钉样信号表示心房起搏;双腔(房室)起搏器则表现为心房钉样信号加 P 波,再经过程控的房室延迟,出现心室钉样信号和增宽的 QRS。夺获是指每个钉样信号之后都跟着一次除极。夺获失败是指钉样信号之后没有 P 波或 QRS;感知不良(钉样信号无视患者自己的心搏)和起搏不良(该出现钉样信号时没有)是另外两种典型的故障。
起搏产生的 QRS 本来就是增宽的;不要称它为束支传导阻滞或室性心律。
答案: B · “I will breathe in through my mouth and out quickly through my nose.”
Pursed-lip breathing means breathing in through the nose and out slowly through pursed lips, making exhalation longer. This keeps airways open and reduces air trapping.
答案: A · Activate the rapid response team
Nurses can call the rapid response team directly when a patient is deteriorating. The nurse also informs the charge nurse and follows the chain of command about the provider’s lack of response.
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/medical-surgical-nursing