How is the jugular venous pressure usually assessed?
APatient lying completely flat with the head turned to the right
BPatient standing with the neck flexed forward
CPatient reclined at 45° with the head turned slightly to the left
DPatient sitting upright with the arms raised above the head
2.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难
A patient on an unfractionated heparin infusion has a nosebleed that will not stop, and the aPTT is far above the target range. What is the most appropriate action?
AIncrease the infusion, as the aPTT will settle
BGive vitamin K and continue the infusion at a slightly lower rate
CStop the infusion, inform the prescriber and anticipate protamine
DContinue the infusion at the same rate and pack the nose firmly
3.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等
一名原发性肾上腺皮质功能减退的患者发热。关于类固醇替代治疗,通常的病日建议是什么?
A将剂量减半以减少副作用
B增加糖皮质激素剂量,常为加倍
C在发热消退前停用类固醇
D保持常规剂量,暂时避免多喝水
4.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难
During haemodialysis, a patient suddenly becomes breathless with chest pain, and air is seen in the line. What should the nurse do first?
ASpeed up the pump to clear the air into the patient
BClamp the lines and lay the patient left side down, head low
CSit the patient upright and give a drink of water
DContinue the session and recheck in 30 minutes
5.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等
Which task for a stable patient with an established ileostomy can usually be delegated to a trained healthcare assistant (nursing assistant)?
ATeaching the patient about high-output risks
BEmptying the pouch and measuring the output
CAssessing the stoma for signs of necrosis
DDeciding whether IV fluids are needed
6.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难
烧伤复苏期间,一名体重 80 kg 的成人尿量连续 2 小时为 15 mL/h。这提示什么?
A液体过多;现在应停止所有静脉补液
B复苏不足;通常需要加快补液速度
C烧伤患者的正常尿量
D导尿管堵塞,直接拔掉即可
7.临床护理中等
Why are patients with atrial fibrillation often given anticoagulants?
ATo lower the blood pressure
BTo slow the heart rate directly and prevent palpitations
CTo convert the rhythm back to normal
DTo reduce the risk of stroke from clots in the atria
8.临床护理困难
哪组表现最能区分心源性休克与低血容量性休克?
A颈静脉压升高和肺部湿啰音
B皮肤湿冷苍白
C尿量减少
D心动过速、低血压和微弱细速的外周脉搏
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient is starting dabigatran, a direct oral anticoagulant. Which laboratory test is most important to review before the first dose?
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
14.心电图节律条带解读困难
依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1折旧率
2节律
3P 波
4PR 间期
5QRS 时限
15.优先排序与委派中等
A patient on hemodialysis has an arteriovenous fistula in the left arm. Which instruction should the nurse give the nursing assistant?
ADo not measure blood pressure on the left arm
BHelp the patient carry shopping bags on the left arm
CKeep the left arm wrapped tightly in a bandage at night
DMeasure blood pressure on the left arm only, every 4 hours
16.优先排序与委派困难
Which assignment by the charge nurse should be changed?
AA nursing assistant is assigned to help several stable patients with their meals
BAn LPN/LVN is assigned to give oral medications to stable patients
CAn LPN/LVN is assigned to admit a new patient from the emergency department
DAn RN is assigned to a patient receiving a blood transfusion
3溶液
1.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
答案: C · Patient reclined at 45° with the head turned slightly to the left
为什么是这个答案
With the patient at 45°, the vertical height of the pulsation in the right internal jugular vein above the sternal angle is estimated. A height above about 3–4 cm suggests raised right-sided pressure, as in right heart failure or fluid overload.
答案
C · Patient reclined at 45° with the head turned slightly to the left
2.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
答案: C · Stop the infusion, inform the prescriber and anticipate protamine
为什么是这个答案
With bleeding and a high aPTT, the heparin infusion is stopped at once and the prescriber informed. Because heparin's effect wears off within hours, stopping is often enough, but protamine sulfate can reverse it. Vitamin K reverses warfarin, not heparin.
答案
C · Stop the infusion, inform the prescriber and anticipate protamine
答案: B · Clamp the lines and lay the patient left side down, head low
为什么是这个答案
In suspected air embolism, the blood lines are clamped at once, the pump stopped, and the patient positioned on the left side with the head down to trap air in the right atrium. Oxygen is given and emergency help called.
答案
B · Clamp the lines and lay the patient left side down, head low
5.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤
答案: B · Emptying the pouch and measuring the output
为什么是这个答案
Emptying and measuring output is a routine task. Assessment of the stoma, teaching and decisions about treatment remain with the registered nurse, who reviews the recorded output.
答案: D · To reduce the risk of stroke from clots in the atria
为什么是这个答案
In AF the atria do not contract effectively, so blood can pool and clot, especially in the left atrial appendage. A clot can travel to the brain, so anticoagulation reduces stroke risk.
答案
D · To reduce the risk of stroke from clots in the atria
Dabigatran is excreted mainly by the kidneys, so poor kidney function raises the drug level and bleeding risk. Kidney function is checked before starting and regularly afterwards. Routine INR monitoring is not used for direct oral anticoagulants.核对依据:Dabigatran · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案
B · Kidney function (creatinine clearance)
10.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · 华法林需要数日才能达到完全的抗凝效果
为什么是这个答案
华法林阻断新的依赖维生素 K 的凝血因子的合成,但现有的因子可持续数日。因此肝素要重叠使用,直到 INR 在目标范围内,通常至少 24 小时,并且至少约 5 天之后。
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 10.5 × 0.04 = 0.42 s
RR = 22 × 0.04 = 0.88 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.42/√0.88 = 0.42/0.9381 = 0.448 s
答案
QTc = 0.448 s
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(448 ms)
14.心电图节律条带解读
答案: QRS 时限
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 22 个小格,1500 ÷ 22 ≈ 68 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.88 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.18 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.16 s,增宽(0.12 s 或以上)。
第一个异常的步骤
QRS 时限 → 窦性心律伴宽 QRS
答案
QRS 时限
15.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Do not measure blood pressure on the left arm
为什么是这个答案
Blood pressure cuffs, tight bands and heavy loads can damage or block a fistula. The arm with the access is protected, and the nurse checks it for a thrill and bruit.
答案
A · Do not measure blood pressure on the left arm
16.优先排序与委派
答案: C · An LPN/LVN is assigned to admit a new patient from the emergency department
为什么是这个答案
Admitting a new patient includes the initial assessment and plan of care, which belong to the RN. The other assignments match each staff member’s role.
答案
C · An LPN/LVN is assigned to admit a new patient from the emergency department