内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
方法
- 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
- 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
- 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
- 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
- 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient with angle-closure glaucoma needs nebulised ipratropium. What precaution is sensible?
Two days after a coronary stent, a patient on aspirin and ticagrelor has black, tarry stools and feels faint on standing. What should the nurse do?
A patient with untreated hyperthyroidism is losing weight. Which diet is most appropriate until the condition is controlled?
A patient with Parkinson's disease is nil by mouth after abdominal surgery. Their levodopa is due. What is the best action?
Which advice is appropriate for a patient with a very low platelet count?
On the day after a Hartmann's procedure, the end colostomy is dark purple to black. What should the nurse do?
A patient on insulin reports nightmares, night sweats and morning headaches. What should be suspected?
一名疑似脑膜炎的患者有发热、颈项强直和压之不褪色的皮疹。首要措施是什么?
How should a patient collect a clean-catch midstream urine sample?
哪一组结果最能代表缺铁性贫血?
某练习血气显示 PaCO₂ 27 mmHg (3.6 kPa)。利用规则:在慢性呼吸性碱中毒中,PaCO₂ 每比 40 低出 10 mmHg,HCO₃⁻ 下降 5 mmol/L,以HCO₃⁻ 24 mmol/L 为起点,求预期HCO₃⁻。
某练习血气显示 pH 7.32,PaCO₂ 36 mmHg (4.8 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 18 mmol/L,Na⁺ 145,Cl⁻ 99 mmol/L。利用阴离子间隙和 Δ 比值,点选最合适的解读。
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。
Two hours after birth, the nurse finds the uterus firm but above the umbilicus and pushed to the right. What should the nurse do first?
During JumpSTART triage, a child who cannot walk is breathing 50 times a minute. Which category is the child given?
答案: D · Use a mouthpiece or protect the eyes from the mist
Ipratropium is an antimuscarinic bronchodilator. Mist escaping from a face mask can reach the eyes, dilate the pupil and trigger acute angle-closure glaucoma in susceptible patients. A mouthpiece or eye protection reduces the risk.
答案: A · Check vital signs, report urgently and anticipate a blood count
Melaena with postural dizziness suggests upper gastrointestinal bleeding, a risk with dual antiplatelet therapy. The nurse assesses for shock, informs the team urgently and expects bloods, a group and save (type and screen) and possibly endoscopy. Stopping antiplatelets after a stent risks stent thrombosis, so the decision belongs to the medical and cardiology team.
答案: B · A high-calorie diet with enough protein
Excess thyroid hormone raises metabolism, so patients need more calories and protein to prevent weight loss. Caffeine is limited because it worsens palpitations, tremor and anxiety.
答案: C · Contact the prescriber or pharmacist about another route
Omitting Parkinson's medication can cause severe rigidity, swallowing failure and, rarely, a life-threatening withdrawal syndrome. Alternatives such as giving it by nasogastric tube or a dopamine agonist patch should be arranged urgently.
答案: D · Use a soft toothbrush and an electric razor
With thrombocytopenia, the nurse reduces bleeding risk: soft toothbrush, electric razor, no NSAIDs or aspirin, avoiding IM injections and rectal procedures, and reporting bleeding, bruising or blood in urine or stool.
答案: A · Report it urgently, as the stoma may be necrotic
A dark or black stoma suggests poor blood supply and necrosis, which can extend below the skin. The surgical team must assess it urgently, as further surgery may be needed.
答案: C · Night-time hypoglycaemia
Nocturnal hypoglycaemia can cause sweating, restless sleep, nightmares and morning headache. Checking glucose overnight and reviewing insulin doses can confirm and correct it.
答案: C · 紧急评估并立即使用抗生素,无须等待检查
细菌性脑膜炎和脑膜炎球菌脓毒症进展迅速。不应为了腰椎穿刺等检查而推迟使用抗生素。
答案: B · Clean the area, start voiding into the toilet, then catch the middle part
Cleaning the urethral area and discarding the first part of the stream reduce contamination from skin and urethral bacteria. The inside of the sterile container must not be touched, and the sample should reach the laboratory promptly.核对依据: Clean catch urine sample · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: A · 血红蛋白低、红细胞小(MCV 低)和铁蛋白低
缺铁引起小细胞性贫血(MCV 低),铁储备低(铁蛋白低)。红细胞大提示维生素 B12 或叶酸缺乏。核对依据: Ferritin Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); RBC indices · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案: HCO₃⁻ = 17.5 mmol/L
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: 合并代谢性碱中毒
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: 室性二联律
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
答案: P 波
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
答案: A · Help the patient empty her bladder
A uterus that is high and displaced to one side usually means a full bladder. A full bladder stops the uterus contracting well, so the nurse helps the patient void and reassesses.
答案: A · Red (immediate)
In JumpSTART, a respiratory rate below 15 or above 45 per minute makes the child immediate (red). Children breathe faster than adults, so the adult cut-off of 30 is not used.
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/medical-surgical-nursing