After thrombolysis for a myocardial infarction, which complication is the nurse most concerned to detect?
ABleeding, including a sudden change in neurological status
BA high blood glucose caused by the thrombolytic drug itself
CA skin rash appearing at the sites of the ECG electrodes
DConstipation from bed rest
2.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难
在严重哮喘发作期间,一名患者的 PaCO₂ 从偏低升至正常,同时看起来精疲力竭。这意味着什么?
A发作正在缓解,可以减少治疗
B标本很可能是静脉血,可以忽略
C患者正在疲劳,随后可能发生呼吸衰竭
D患者因焦虑而过度通气
3.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等
In the first trimester of pregnancy, why is propylthiouracil often preferred to carbimazole for hyperthyroidism?
APropylthiouracil works faster than any other drug
BCarbimazole cannot cross into the mother's blood
CPropylthiouracil has no side effects at all
DCarbimazole has a higher risk of birth defects early on
4.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难
一名血液透析患者问为什么透析间期要限制液体。哪项解释是正确的?
A限制液体主要是为了缩短在机器上的时间
B喝水会使透析从血液中清除过多的钾
C过多的液体积聚,使血压升高,并在透析时引起呼吸困难和痉挛
D额外的液体会削弱内瘘壁,使其更容易破裂
5.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等
Which description fits a category (stage) 4 pressure ulcer?
AFull-thickness loss with exposed bone, tendon or muscle
BA blister filled with clear fluid over the heel or sacrum
CA shallow wound into the dermis only
DIntact skin with redness that does not blanch
6.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难
A category (stage) 4 pressure ulcer is now healing and shallower. How should it be documented according to standard guidance?
AAs a category 2 pressure ulcer now
BAs a fully healed ulcer that can be removed from the record
CAs a healing category 4 pressure ulcer
DAs a category 1 pressure ulcer now
7.临床护理中等
Why is lactulose given to a patient with hepatic encephalopathy?
ATo stop bleeding from varices
BTo increase the liver's production of albumin
CTo reduce the absorption of ammonia from the gut
DTo lower the blood glucose
8.临床护理困难
一名肝硬化患者腹部膨大紧绷,接受腹腔穿刺放液。为什么可能要给予白蛋白?
A阻止肝脏产生更多胆汁
B增加尿钾排泄
C降低大量放液后发生循环功能障碍的风险
D治疗腹水中的感染
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等
对于疑似脓毒症的患者,应在何时采集血培养?
A在前三剂抗生素之后
B在首剂抗生素之前,且不要过多延误给药
C仅在发热持续超过三天时
D任何时候,因为抗生素不影响结果
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient with advanced chronic kidney disease has a mildly raised troponin that has stayed the same on several tests over months. There is no chest pain and the ECG is unchanged. What is the best interpretation?
AProof of an acute myocardial infarction that needs emergency treatment now
BA laboratory error, because troponin is never raised in kidney disease
CA sign of skeletal muscle injury, because troponin comes from all muscles
DA chronic stable rise; infarction needs a rising or falling pattern
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
14.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1一度房室传导阻滞
2心房颤动
3三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
4二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
15.优先排序与委派中等
一名注册护士对护理助理说:“去看看 12 号房的患者。”缺少了委派的哪项正确原则?
A适合该任务的正确人员
B正确的指示与沟通
C正确的情境
D适合该环境的正确任务
16.优先排序与委派困难
An infant with pyloric stenosis has repeated projectile vomiting. Which acid-base imbalance is most likely?
AMetabolic alkalosis
BRespiratory acidosis
CMetabolic acidosis
DRespiratory alkalosis
3溶液
1.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
答案: A · Bleeding, including a sudden change in neurological status
为什么是这个答案
The main risk of thrombolysis is bleeding, from puncture sites, gums or the gut, and most seriously intracranial haemorrhage. The nurse monitors puncture sites, vital signs and neurological status and minimises invasive procedures. Reperfusion arrhythmias are also common.
答案
A · Bleeding, including a sudden change in neurological status
答案: D · Carbimazole has a higher risk of birth defects early on
为什么是这个答案
Carbimazole is linked to congenital abnormalities when used in early pregnancy, so propylthiouracil is often used in the first trimester. Propylthiouracil can cause serious liver injury, so it is not preferred at other times.
答案
D · Carbimazole has a higher risk of birth defects early on
答案: A · Full-thickness loss with exposed bone, tendon or muscle
为什么是这个答案
Category 4 has full-thickness loss with exposed bone, tendon or muscle and often undermining or tunnelling. Category 3 reaches the fat but does not expose bone, tendon or muscle.
答案
A · Full-thickness loss with exposed bone, tendon or muscle
6.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤
答案: C · As a healing category 4 pressure ulcer
为什么是这个答案
Pressure ulcers are not "reverse staged" because granulation tissue does not replace the muscle, fat and dermis that were lost. The wound is described as a healing category 4 ulcer.
答案
C · As a healing category 4 pressure ulcer
7.临床护理
答案: C · To reduce the absorption of ammonia from the gut
为什么是这个答案
Lactulose acidifies the colon and speeds transit, reducing ammonia absorption. The dose is usually adjusted to give two to three soft stools a day.
答案
C · To reduce the absorption of ammonia from the gut
答案: D · A chronic stable rise; infarction needs a rising or falling pattern
为什么是这个答案
Troponin is often chronically raised in CKD and other conditions. Acute infarction is diagnosed by a rise and/or fall in troponin together with symptoms or ECG changes, so serial results are compared with the patient's baseline.核对依据:Troponin Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023)
答案
D · A chronic stable rise; infarction needs a rising or falling pattern
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 4 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 40 次/分。
2. 节律:规律性不规则,QRS 波群成组出现,组间有暂停(成组搏动)。
3. P 波:直立且规则(P–P 1.00 s,60 次/分);每 3 个 P 波中有一个后面没有 QRS。
Repeated vomiting of stomach contents loses hydrochloric acid, causing metabolic alkalosis, often with low chloride and potassium. Fluids and electrolytes are corrected before surgery.