内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
方法
- 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
- 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
- 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
- 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
- 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
一名刚开始服用降压药的患者起床时感到头晕。正确的建议是什么?
A patient on three blood pressure drugs still has high readings at every visit. What should the nurse check first?
A man starts finasteride for an enlarged prostate. Which statement is correct?
During a TURP, a patient becomes confused and nauseated, with a slow pulse and a raised BP. The sodium is 121 mmol/L. What is most likely?
Which nursing intervention best reduces preoperative anxiety?
A nurse teaches a patient with chronic pancreatitis. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A patient has lost more than 10% of their body weight without trying over the last few months and has a low BMI. What is the most appropriate action?
Four call bells ring at the same time. Which patient should the nurse see first?
A patient with iron-deficiency anemia started oral iron. Which result is usually the earliest sign that treatment is working?
A patient on stable digoxin starts amiodarone. A week later, the patient has nausea and visual changes, and the digoxin level is above the range. What is the most likely explanation?
某练习动脉血气显示 pH 7.53,PaCO₂ 30 mmHg (4.0 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 24 mmol/L。原发性紊乱是呼吸性碱中毒。代偿到什么程度?点选你的答案。
在海平面,某练习血气取自吸入 28% 氧气时,显示 PaO₂ 75 mmHg (10.0 kPa),PaCO₂ 50 mmHg (6.7 kPa)。用 PAO₂ = FiO₂·(760 − 47) − PaCO₂/0.8 求A–a 梯度。
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
这位患者装有起搏器。请解读这条 II 导联心电图条带。点击你的答案。
The day after a total thyroidectomy, a patient reports tingling around the mouth and in the fingers. What should the nurse do first?
An RN sees an LPN/LVN crushing an extended-release metoprolol tablet to mix with applesauce. What should the RN do?
答案: A · 站起来之前先在床边坐一会儿
开始降压治疗时,体位性(直立性)低血压很常见。缓慢改变体位可降低跌倒风险。持续存在症状时应报告,以便测量卧位和立位血压并复核剂量。
答案: B · Whether the patient is taking the medicines as prescribed
Before labelling hypertension as resistant, adherence, measurement technique, white-coat effect and interacting substances (NSAIDs, decongestants, alcohol, liquorice) should be checked. Side effects, cost and complex regimens are common reasons for missed doses.
答案: A · It takes months to work; pregnant women must not handle broken tablets
Finasteride, a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor, reduces the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone and shrinks the prostate over several months. It can harm a male fetus, so pregnant women should avoid handling crushed or broken tablets.
答案: A · TURP syndrome from absorbed irrigation fluid
In TURP syndrome, irrigating fluid is absorbed into the blood, causing fluid overload and dilutional hyponatraemia. Signs include confusion, nausea, bradycardia, hypertension and, if severe, seizures. It needs urgent medical treatment.
答案: C · Explaining what will happen and answering questions
Clear information about what to expect, including pain control and recovery, reduces anxiety and can improve recovery. False reassurance does not address the patient's concerns.
答案: A · "I'll take my enzyme capsules at bedtime."
Pancreatic enzymes must be taken with meals and snacks to digest them. Alcohol must be avoided, steatorrhoea suggests under-replacement, and thirst or polyuria can signal diabetes from loss of islet cells.
答案: C · Refer to the dietitian and start a nutrition care plan with food charts
Large unplanned weight loss with a low BMI means high malnutrition risk. Management includes dietitian referral, food and fluid charts, support with eating and regular weighing.
答案: D · A patient who has just become breathless after starting an IV antibiotic
Breathlessness soon after a new IV antibiotic suggests possible anaphylaxis, an airway and breathing emergency. The infusion should be stopped and the patient assessed immediately.
答案: A · A rise in the reticulocyte count
Once iron is available, the marrow releases more young red cells, so the reticulocyte count rises within about 1–2 weeks. The hemoglobin rises more slowly over weeks, and iron stores take months to refill.
答案: B · Amiodarone has raised the digoxin level
Amiodarone reduces digoxin clearance, so the level can rise significantly, and the digoxin dose is often reduced when amiodarone is started. Nausea and visual changes are classic signs of digoxin toxicity.
答案: 未代偿
解读血气(ROME):先看 pH:低于 7.35 为酸血症,高于 7.45 为碱血症。然后找出能解释它的指标。PaCO₂(正常 35–45 mmHg,4.7–6.0 kPa)是呼吸方面的指标,在呼吸性紊乱中与 pH 反向(Opposite)变化;HCO₃⁻(正常 22–26 mmol/L)是代谢方面的指标,与 pH 同向变化(Respiratory Opposite, Metabolic Equal,即呼吸性相反,代谢性相同)。另一个指标显示代偿情况:正常表示未代偿;沿着使 pH 回升的方向异常、而 pH 仍然异常,表示部分代偿;pH 正常而两个指标都异常,表示完全代偿。各实验室的范围略有差异;这些是练习用数值。
答案: A–a 梯度 = 62.14 mmHg
衍生数值:计算所得的血清渗透压为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖 + 尿素,各值均以 mmol/L 计(葡萄糖和 BUN 以 mg/dL 计时为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖/18 + BUN/2.8);正常约为 275–295 mOsm/kg。P/F 比值是 PaO₂ 除以以小数表示的 FiO₂。海平面的肺泡氧分压为 PAO₂ = FiO₂·(760 − 47) − PaCO₂/0.8 mmHg,A–a 梯度为 PAO₂ − PaO₂。
答案: 室上性心动过速(SVT)
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。 窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
答案: 心室起搏心律
起搏心律:起搏器脉冲表现为一条细而垂直的起搏钉样信号。心室钉样信号之后的 QRS 是增宽的(0.12 s 或以上),因为冲动是从导线经心肌传播,而不是经传导系统;右心室起搏时,在 II 导联上通常以负向为主。P 波之前的钉样信号表示心房起搏;双腔(房室)起搏器则表现为心房钉样信号加 P 波,再经过程控的房室延迟,出现心室钉样信号和增宽的 QRS。夺获是指每个钉样信号之后都跟着一次除极。夺获失败是指钉样信号之后没有 P 波或 QRS;感知不良(钉样信号无视患者自己的心搏)和起搏不良(该出现钉样信号时没有)是另外两种典型的故障。
起搏产生的 QRS 本来就是增宽的;不要称它为束支传导阻滞或室性心律。
答案: A · Check for signs of low calcium and inform the provider
Damage to the parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery can cause hypocalcemia. Tingling, muscle cramps and a positive Chvostek or Trousseau sign need prompt reporting and calcium replacement as prescribed.
答案: C · Stop the LPN/LVN and contact the prescriber or pharmacist about another form
Crushing an extended-release tablet releases the whole dose at once and can cause toxicity, such as severe bradycardia or hypotension. The RN steps in now and arranges a suitable form.
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/medical-surgical-nursing