内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
方法
- 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
- 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
- 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
- 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
- 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient with bronchiectasis of the right lower lobe is taught postural drainage. How should they be positioned?
A patient with small-cell lung cancer becomes confused. Sodium is 122 mmol/L (122 mEq/L) with concentrated urine, and there are no signs of dehydration. What is the most likely cause?
A patient with a new ileal conduit has threads of mucus in their urine. What should the nurse explain?
A patient on IV gentamicin has a rising creatinine and a high trough level. What should the nurse do?
Why are antibody levels checked after a healthcare worker receives the hepatitis B vaccine?
A few hours after thyroid surgery, a patient's neck swells rapidly and they become short of breath with stridor. What is most likely?
A patient is receiving enteral feeding through a nasogastric tube. How should they be positioned during feeding?
A patient has a high fever with rigors, jaundice and right upper quadrant pain. Which condition is most likely?
一名患者今天的空腹血糖为 98 mg/dL(5.4 mmol/L),但 HbA1c 为 8.9%(74 mmol/mol)。最好的解释是什么?
A young woman with frequent self-induced vomiting has swollen salivary glands. Which laboratory pattern is most likely?
某练习血气显示 PaCO₂ 23 mmHg (3.1 kPa)。利用规则:在急性呼吸性碱中毒中,PaCO₂ 每比 40 低出 10 mmHg,HCO₃⁻ 下降 2 mmol/L,以HCO₃⁻ 24 mmol/L 为起点,求预期HCO₃⁻。
某练习血气显示代谢性碱中毒,HCO₃⁻ 45 mmol/L。用预期 PaCO₂ = 0.7·HCO₃⁻ + 21 求预期PaCO₂。
这条 II 导联心电图条带显示窦性心律伴一次停顿。测量 停顿,即跨越停顿的 R–R 间期,单位为秒。
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
A patient receiving chemotherapy has a temperature of 38.3 °C and a very low neutrophil count. What should the nurse do?
在心脏科病房,护士应首先看哪位患者?
答案: C · With the affected lobe uppermost so gravity drains it
Postural drainage places the patient so the affected segment is above the main bronchus, letting gravity move secretions towards the larger airways to be coughed up. It is combined with breathing techniques. Head-down positions are avoided in patients with reflux, recent surgery or breathlessness.
答案: A · Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
Small-cell lung cancer can secrete ADH, causing water retention and dilutional hyponatraemia (normal sodium about 135–145 mmol/L). Urine is inappropriately concentrated and the patient is not dry. Fluid restriction and treating the cancer are the main measures; sodium is corrected slowly to avoid osmotic demyelination.
答案: B · This is normal, because the conduit is made from bowel
An ileal conduit uses a piece of small bowel, which keeps making mucus. Mucus in the urine is expected. Good fluid intake helps keep it moving. Fever, cloudy foul urine or a change in stoma colour should be reported.
答案: C · Hold the next dose and inform the prescriber
Aminoglycosides can cause acute tubular necrosis and ototoxicity, especially with high trough levels. A high trough suggests poor clearance. The dose is held and the prescriber reviews the regimen.
答案: D · To confirm that the vaccine produced immunity
Some people do not develop protective anti-HBs antibodies after vaccination. Testing identifies non-responders, who may need further doses and advice after exposures.
答案: D · A haematoma pressing on the airway
A haematoma after thyroid or neck surgery can compress the airway quickly. It is an emergency: call for help, sit the patient up and give oxygen, and follow local guidance on opening the wound to release the clot.
答案: C · With the head of the bed raised to at least 30 degrees
Keeping the head raised to at least 30–45° during feeding and for a period afterwards lowers the risk of aspiration pneumonia.
答案: A · Ascending cholangitis
Fever, jaundice and right upper quadrant pain (Charcot's triad) suggest infection of an obstructed bile duct. It can rapidly cause sepsis and needs antibiotics and biliary drainage.
答案: B · 过去 2–3 个月血糖控制不佳
HbA1c 显示约 2–3 个月内的平均血糖。一次正常的空腹值不能说明长期控制情况。HbA1c 8.9% 远高于低于 7% 等常见目标。核对依据: Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: D · Low potassium, high bicarbonate and high amylase
Repeated vomiting causes hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis (high bicarbonate) from the loss of stomach acid. Enlarged salivary glands can raise salivary amylase. Hypokalemia can cause dangerous arrhythmias, so it is monitored and corrected.核对依据: Bulimia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案: HCO₃⁻ = 20.6 mmol/L
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: PaCO₂ = 52.5 mmHg
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
升高是有限度的:仅靠代偿,PaCO₂ 很少超过约 55 mmHg。
答案: 停顿 = 1.44 s
窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
停顿中没有出现 P 波,且停顿不是 P–P 周期的整数倍:窦性停搏。恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞。
答案: 心室颤动
室性节律:室性心动过速是连续三个或以上宽大(0.12 s 或以上)的波群,频率超过 100 次/分,通常为 150–250 次/分,节律规则,没有相关的 P 波。心室颤动是紊乱、不规则的波形,无法辨认 P 波、QRS 波群或 T 波,也没有可计数的频率。心脏停搏是几乎平直的线,没有心室活动;平直线一定要通过检查患者、导联和增益并换一个导联来确认。在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律,心脏停搏则不是。
在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律。这里只是识别练习。
答案: B · Report it at once, because cultures and antibiotics are needed quickly
Neutropenic fever is a medical emergency. The patient may have few other signs of infection, so the nurse reports it immediately so that cultures can be taken and IV antibiotics started.
答案: C · 一名服用地高辛的患者,脉搏 48 次/分,恶心,钾 3.0 mEq/L
服用地高辛的患者出现心动过缓和恶心提示中毒,而低钾使其更可能发生且更危险。体重的小幅变化以及已知且得到控制的房颤是稳定的。
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