II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
14.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
2一度房室传导阻滞
3三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
4心房颤动
15.优先排序与委派中等
On the first day after abdominal surgery, a patient has a temperature of 37.9 °C and reduced breath sounds at the lung bases. Which nursing action is most helpful?
ARestrict oral fluids so that the lungs do not fill up with extra fluid
BGive a cough suppressant so that the incision is not strained
CEncourage deep breathing, coughing and use of the incentive spirometer
DKeep the patient lying flat in bed to rest the incision fully
16.优先排序与委派困难
A patient has full-thickness burns all the way around the chest and is finding it harder to breathe, although the airway is clear. What does this suggest?
AThe patient has had too little IV fluid and needs a fast bolus to improve the breathing
BThe burns are healing and the skin is tightening normally
CThe patient is anxious and only needs reassurance
DThe tight burned skin is restricting chest movement, so an escharotomy may be needed
In primary adrenal insufficiency, both cortisol and aldosterone are lacking. Hydrocortisone replaces cortisol, and fludrocortisone replaces aldosterone to keep sodium, potassium and blood pressure normal.
答案
A · To replace the missing aldosterone
4.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏
答案: C · Treat it as very high, check ketones and escalate
为什么是这个答案
"HI" means the glucose is above the meter's upper range. In a drowsy patient this may be DKA or HHS. A laboratory glucose, ketones, observations and urgent medical review are needed.
答案
C · Treat it as very high, check ketones and escalate
5.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤
答案: D · Drink plenty of clear fluids while taking the preparation
为什么是这个答案
Bowel preparation causes profuse diarrhoea, which can lead to dehydration and electrolyte disturbance. Patients follow a low-residue diet, then clear fluids, and drink plenty of extra clear fluid.
答案
D · Drink plenty of clear fluids while taking the preparation
6.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤
答案: B · A fistula between the colon and the bladder
为什么是这个答案
Pneumaturia and faecaluria suggest a colovesical fistula, a recognised complication of diverticulitis (and Crohn's disease or cancer). Recurrent urinary infections are common, and surgery is usually needed.
答案
B · A fistula between the colon and the bladder
7.临床护理
答案: A · Raise the concern through the local safeguarding (adult protection) procedure
为什么是这个答案
Financial abuse is a form of adult abuse. Nurses report concerns through safeguarding procedures, document facts accurately and involve the patient as appropriate.
答案
A · Raise the concern through the local safeguarding (adult protection) procedure
8.临床护理
答案: C · Arrange a professional interpreter
为什么是这个答案
Professional interpreters provide accurate, impartial translation and protect confidentiality. Children and family members should not be used for important clinical discussions such as consent.
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 9.5 × 0.04 = 0.38 s
RR = 18 × 0.04 = 0.72 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.38/√0.72 = 0.38/0.8485 = 0.448 s
答案
QTc = 0.448 s
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(448 ms)
14.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 5 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 50 次/分。
2. 节律:规律性不规则,QRS 波群成组出现,组间有暂停(成组搏动)。
3. P 波:直立且规则(P–P 0.88 s,68 次/分);每 4 个 P 波中有一个后面没有 QRS。
4. PR 间期:逐渐延长 0.18 → 0.32 → 0.38 s,随后一个 P 波未下传。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
答案
二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
15.优先排序与委派
答案: C · Encourage deep breathing, coughing and use of the incentive spirometer
为什么是这个答案
Reduced basal breath sounds and a mild temperature early after surgery often mean atelectasis. Deep breathing, coughing, incentive spirometry and early mobilization help re-expand the lungs.
答案
C · Encourage deep breathing, coughing and use of the incentive spirometer
16.优先排序与委派
答案: D · The tight burned skin is restricting chest movement, so an escharotomy may be needed
为什么是这个答案
Circumferential full-thickness burns form stiff eschar that can stop the chest expanding. An escharotomy, cutting through the eschar, may be needed urgently to allow breathing.
答案
D · The tight burned skin is restricting chest movement, so an escharotomy may be needed