内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
方法
- 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
- 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
- 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
- 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
- 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
胸腔引流管中的液面不再波动。这可能意味着什么?
Two days after a coronary stent, a patient on aspirin and ticagrelor has black, tarry stools and feels faint on standing. What should the nurse do?
An older patient with a long-term catheter has bacteria in the urine but no symptoms. What is usually appropriate?
对使用甘露醇治疗颅内压升高的患者,哪项护理很重要?
For which stoma can colostomy irrigation be considered?
A patient taking IV antibiotics has three unexplained loose stools in 24 hours. What should the nurse do first?
Which advice is important for a patient on long-term oral corticosteroids?
A patient with a central venous catheter develops fever and rigors shortly after the line is flushed, with no other obvious source. What should be suspected?
一名已呕吐两天的患者 BUN 为 32 mg/dL(尿素 11.4 mmol/L),肌酐正常。最可能的原因是什么?
Four patients had a thyroidectomy earlier today. Which result should the nurse act on first?
某练习动脉血气显示 pH 7.38,PaCO₂ 23 mmHg (3.1 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 13 mmol/L。原发性紊乱是代谢性酸中毒。代偿到什么程度?点选你的答案。
某练习血气显示 pH 7.31,PaCO₂ 33 mmHg (4.4 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 16 mmol/L,Na⁺ 138,Cl⁻ 89 mmol/L。利用阴离子间隙和 Δ 比值,点选最合适的解读。
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
这条 II 导联心电图显示房室传导阻滞,所以心房和心室以不同的频率搏动。QRS 波群是规则的:求出心室率(单位:次/分,1500 法,取整数)。
A patient on a nasal cannula at 6 L/min still has a low SpO₂. What should the nurse do?
After the RN taught a patient to inject insulin, an LPN/LVN reports that the patient still cannot draw up the dose correctly. What should happen next?
答案: C · 肺已复张,或引流管扭曲、堵塞
肺完全复张并封闭管口时可出现波动消失,但引流管扭曲、被血块堵塞或患者压住管子时也会如此。应评估患者和管路,并上报。
答案: A · Check vital signs, report urgently and anticipate a blood count
Melaena with postural dizziness suggests upper gastrointestinal bleeding, a risk with dual antiplatelet therapy. The nurse assesses for shock, informs the team urgently and expects bloods, a group and save (type and screen) and possibly endoscopy. Stopping antiplatelets after a stent risks stent thrombosis, so the decision belongs to the medical and cardiology team.
答案: C · No antibiotics, as long as there are no symptoms
Nearly all long-term catheters become colonised. Treating asymptomatic bacteriuria does not improve outcomes and promotes resistance. Antibiotics are reserved for symptomatic infection.
答案: A · 密切监测尿量、血钠和渗透压
甘露醇把水从脑内拉入血液,并由肾脏排泄,引起大量利尿。需要监测脱水、低血压、电解质紊乱和高渗透压,通常需要留置导尿管。
答案: A · An established descending or sigmoid colostomy
Irrigation instils water into a sigmoid or descending colostomy to empty the bowel at set times. It is not used for ileostomies or urostomies and needs specialist teaching.
答案: B · Isolate the patient and send a stool sample for testing
Unexplained diarrhoea in a patient on antibiotics should be treated as possible C. difficile. The patient is isolated promptly, a stool sample is sent and the antibiotics are reviewed with the medical team.
答案: D · Do not stop them suddenly
Long-term steroids suppress the adrenal glands, so stopping suddenly can cause adrenal crisis. Patients should carry a steroid alert card or medical ID and follow sick-day guidance.
答案: A · A catheter-related bloodstream infection
Rigors after flushing suggest bacteria colonising the catheter. Blood cultures are taken (often from the line and a peripheral vein) and the team decides whether to remove the line.
答案: C · 脱水
当身体缺水时,肾脏重吸收更多尿素,因此 BUN 的升高与肌酐不成比例(BUN 与肌酐之比高于 20:1)。肝衰竭和低蛋白饮食会使 BUN 降低。核对依据: BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: A · Calcium 7.2 mg/dL (1.8 mmol/L) with tingling lips
Hypocalcemia after thyroid surgery, from parathyroid injury, can progress to tetany and laryngospasm. Tingling lips are an early sign, so the nurse assesses the airway and Chvostek and Trousseau signs and reports at once. The other results are expected after surgery.核对依据: Calcium Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: 完全代偿
解读血气(ROME):先看 pH:低于 7.35 为酸血症,高于 7.45 为碱血症。然后找出能解释它的指标。PaCO₂(正常 35–45 mmHg,4.7–6.0 kPa)是呼吸方面的指标,在呼吸性紊乱中与 pH 反向(Opposite)变化;HCO₃⁻(正常 22–26 mmol/L)是代谢方面的指标,与 pH 同向变化(Respiratory Opposite, Metabolic Equal,即呼吸性相反,代谢性相同)。另一个指标显示代偿情况:正常表示未代偿;沿着使 pH 回升的方向异常、而 pH 仍然异常,表示部分代偿;pH 正常而两个指标都异常,表示完全代偿。各实验室的范围略有差异;这些是练习用数值。
临床上还应检查预期代偿:按温特公式,预期 PaCO₂ 为 25.5–29.5 mmHg,所以实测 23 mmHg 提示合并呼吸性碱中毒(混合性紊乱)。上面的答案是按 ROME 法的考试分类。
答案: 合并代谢性碱中毒
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: 一度房室传导阻滞
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
答案: 心室率 = 54 bpm
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
三度阻滞,伴窄 QRS 交界性逸搏(通常为 40–60 次/分)。
答案: D · Report it, because a different oxygen device is likely to be needed
Standard nasal cannulas are usually run at up to about 6 L/min; higher flows dry the nose without much benefit. If the patient still needs more oxygen, the nurse assesses and escalates for a different device.
答案: C · The RN reassesses the patient’s learning needs and adjusts the teaching
Evaluating learning and changing the teaching plan belong to the RN. The LPN/LVN can reinforce teaching, but a teaching plan that is not working needs RN reassessment.
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/medical-surgical-nursing