内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
方法
- 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
- 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
- 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
- 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
- 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient is starting long-term amiodarone. Which teaching and monitoring are most important?
Four hours after cardiac surgery, the mediastinal drain, which had been draining steadily, suddenly stops. BP falls to 84/60 mmHg, the heart rate rises and the CVP climbs. What should the nurse suspect?
A patient with Graves' eye disease has gritty eyes and swelling around them in the morning. Which advice is most appropriate?
A patient on haemodialysis is on a medical ward. Which task can the registered nurse delegate to a healthcare assistant (nursing assistant)?
Which measure helps reduce the risk of delirium in an older surgical patient?
A patient who takes NSAIDs suddenly develops severe epigastric pain, a rigid abdomen and shoulder-tip pain. Which finding would most support the likely diagnosis?
Why is an urgent brain scan needed before thrombolysis for a suspected stroke?
Why must blood samples for a cross-match be labelled at the bedside immediately after they are taken?
A patient has a calcium of 11.8 mg/dL (2.95 mmol/L) from bone metastases. Which nursing measure is appropriate?
A patient has a positive hepatitis C antibody (anti-HCV) test. What is the most appropriate next step?
某练习动脉血气显示 pH 7.13,PaCO₂ 75 mmHg (10.0 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 24 mmol/L。原发性紊乱是呼吸性酸中毒。代偿到什么程度?点选你的答案。
练习数值:Na⁺ 134,Cl⁻ 110,HCO₃⁻ 11 mmol/L,白蛋白 20 g/L。求经白蛋白校正的阴离子间隙 AGc = AG + 0.25·(40 − 白蛋白)。
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
哪种定时给药的药物时间要求最严格?
A 2-month-old infant has a spiral fracture of the femur. The parents say the baby rolled off the sofa. What should the nurse recognize?
答案: C · Protect skin from sunlight and have thyroid, liver and lung checks
Amiodarone causes photosensitivity, thyroid dysfunction (it contains iodine), liver toxicity, pulmonary fibrosis and corneal deposits. Patients use high-factor sunscreen and have regular thyroid and liver tests and reviews for cough or breathlessness. It also interacts with warfarin and digoxin.
答案: C · Cardiac tamponade from a clotted drain
A sudden stop in drainage with falling blood pressure, tachycardia and rising venous pressure suggests blood is collecting around the heart because the drain is blocked. Tamponade after cardiac surgery is an emergency: the surgeon is called at once and the chest may need to be reopened.
答案: C · Use lubricating drops and sleep with the head raised
Lubricating drops protect the cornea, raising the head at night reduces swelling, and sunglasses help with light sensitivity. Smoking strongly worsens thyroid eye disease, so stopping is advised.
答案: D · Weighing the patient before they go to dialysis
Weighing a patient is a routine task suitable for a trained assistant. Assessing the access, making medication decisions and teaching require the registered nurse's knowledge and judgement.
答案: C · Making sure they have their glasses and hearing aids
Delirium prevention includes using glasses and hearing aids, orientation, good sleep, hydration, nutrition, early mobilisation, pain control, avoiding unnecessary sedatives and involving family.
答案: A · Free air under the diaphragm on an erect chest X-ray
A perforated peptic ulcer releases air into the peritoneal cavity, seen under the diaphragm on an erect chest X-ray or on CT. Shoulder-tip pain is referred from diaphragmatic irritation. The patient is kept nil by mouth, resuscitated and referred urgently to surgeons.
答案: D · To rule out bleeding in the brain
A CT scan distinguishes haemorrhagic from ischaemic stroke. Clot-busting drugs are only given when bleeding has been excluded and other criteria are met.
答案: C · To prevent "wrong blood in tube" errors that can cause fatal reactions
A sample labelled with the wrong patient's details can lead to incompatible blood being issued. Labelling at the bedside after positive identification is a key transfusion safety step.
答案: B · Encourage fluids and mobility as tolerated
Hydration helps the kidneys excrete calcium and prevents stones, and weight-bearing mobility slows calcium loss from bone. Calcium-containing foods and antacids are not encouraged. The nurse also monitors for confusion, constipation and arrhythmias.核对依据: Hypercalcemia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案: B · Test for HCV RNA to find out whether infection is current
Anti-HCV shows exposure, but some people clear the virus and keep antibodies. An HCV RNA test shows whether the infection is current. There is no vaccine for hepatitis C, but antiviral treatment can cure most infections.核对依据: Hepatitis C · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: 未代偿
解读血气(ROME):先看 pH:低于 7.35 为酸血症,高于 7.45 为碱血症。然后找出能解释它的指标。PaCO₂(正常 35–45 mmHg,4.7–6.0 kPa)是呼吸方面的指标,在呼吸性紊乱中与 pH 反向(Opposite)变化;HCO₃⁻(正常 22–26 mmol/L)是代谢方面的指标,与 pH 同向变化(Respiratory Opposite, Metabolic Equal,即呼吸性相反,代谢性相同)。另一个指标显示代偿情况:正常表示未代偿;沿着使 pH 回升的方向异常、而 pH 仍然异常,表示部分代偿;pH 正常而两个指标都异常,表示完全代偿。各实验室的范围略有差异;这些是练习用数值。
答案: AGc = 18 mmol/L
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
校正后高于约 12:阴离子间隙升高。
答案: 窦性心律伴窦性停搏
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。 窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
答案: 尖端扭转型室性心动过速
更多室性心律:尖端扭转型室性心动过速是一种多形性室性心动过速,通常为 150–250 次/分钟,其增宽的波群高度不断变化并围绕基线扭转,先向上几个心搏,再向下。教科书将其与 QT 间期延长联系起来,复苏指南中针对它推荐的药物是硫酸镁。室性自搏心律是一种心室逸搏心律:规则、QRS 增宽(0.12 s 或以上)、无 P 波,频率 20–40 次/分钟(加速性室性自搏心律为 40–100 次/分钟)。单形性室速的增宽波群完全相同,频率超过 100 次/分钟。室颤则是混乱的,没有任何重复的波群。
尖端扭转型室性心动过速是与 QT 间期延长相关的多形性 VT。这里只是识别练习。
答案: A · 随已送到的早餐托盘一起给予的速效胰岛素
速效胰岛素随餐给药;给得晚或不进食可导致血糖过高或过低。其他每日用药稍晚一点给予也无妨。
答案: A · The injury does not fit the infant’s development, so possible abuse must be reported
Most 2-month-olds cannot roll, and a spiral fracture in a non-mobile infant suggests a twisting force. Nurses must report suspected abuse according to law and policy.
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/medical-surgical-nursing