内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
方法
- 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
- 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
- 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
- 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
- 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
How should a patient breathe in when using a dry powder inhaler?
A patient being treated for pulmonary TB repeatedly misses doses and stops when they feel better. Which strategy is most effective?
A woman who takes the combined contraceptive pill is starting carbamazepine. What should she be taught?
A nurse teaches a woman with recurrent UTIs. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
Which statement correctly describes physical dependence on opioids?
A nurse teaches a patient with GORD. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
Which type of painkiller should a patient with liver cirrhosis usually avoid?
A patient has a painful, punched-out ulcer on the toes, with a cold, pale foot and weak foot pulses. Which type of ulcer is most likely?
A patient taking empagliflozin (an SGLT2 inhibitor) has glucose in the urine but a normal blood glucose. What is the best interpretation?
一名患者的钾几个月来一直是 3.4–3.6 mEq/L,今天的一次结果是 5.4 mEq/L。患者感觉良好,心电图正常。最好的下一步是什么?
某练习动脉血气显示 pH 7.38,PaCO₂ 33 mmHg (4.4 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 19 mmol/L。原发性紊乱是代谢性酸中毒。代偿到什么程度?点选你的答案。
在海平面,某练习血气取自吸入 28% 氧气时,显示 PaO₂ 61 mmHg (8.1 kPa),PaCO₂ 34 mmHg (4.5 kPa)。用 PAO₂ = FiO₂·(760 − 47) − PaCO₂/0.8 求A–a 梯度。
在这条规则的 II 导联心电图上测量 QT 间期和 R–R 间期,然后用 Bazett 公式 QTc = QT/√RR(均以秒计)计算经心率校正的QTc。答案以秒表示,保留三位小数。
这条 II 导联心电图显示二度房室传导阻滞 I 型(文氏现象)。共有多少个每组的 P 波数,包括未下传的那一个(n:(n − 1) 阻滞中的 n)?
Which SBAR recommendation is the clearest?
将哪项分配给 LPN/LVN 最恰当?
答案: D · Quickly and deeply, after breathing out away from the device
Dry powder inhalers have no propellant, so a fast, deep inhalation is needed to disperse the powder. The patient breathes out away from the device first, because moist breath can clump the powder. Very weak or breathless patients may not manage this.
答案: D · Directly observed therapy with support for barriers to adherence
Directly observed therapy, where a health worker watches each dose, plus help with practical and social barriers, improves completion and reduces multidrug-resistant TB. Single-drug therapy or interrupted treatment breeds resistance.
答案: B · Carbamazepine can make the pill less effective, so other contraception is needed
Carbamazepine is a strong liver enzyme inducer, so it lowers hormone levels from the pill and can lead to an unplanned pregnancy. Contraception that is not affected, such as an IUD, is usually advised.
答案: C · "I will hold my urine for as long as I can."
Holding urine allows bacteria to multiply. Regular voiding, good fluid intake, passing urine after intercourse and wiping front to back help reduce recurrence.
答案: B · Withdrawal occurs if the drug is stopped suddenly
Physical dependence is a predictable adaptation to regular opioids, causing withdrawal if they stop suddenly, so doses are tapered. Addiction is a behavioural condition with craving, loss of control and continued use despite harm.
答案: C · "Peppermint tea after dinner will settle my reflux."
Peppermint can relax the lower oesophageal sphincter and may worsen reflux. Weight loss, stopping smoking and avoiding personal triggers are standard lifestyle measures.
答案: B · Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen
NSAIDs increase the risk of GI bleeding and can trigger kidney failure and fluid retention in cirrhosis. Paracetamol is usually preferred at a lower, carefully chosen dose.
答案: A · An arterial ulcer
Arterial ulcers are usually on the feet or toes, painful and punched-out, with signs of poor perfusion. Venous ulcers are usually around the ankle, shallow and associated with swelling and skin staining.
答案: B · An expected effect of the drug
SGLT2 inhibitors block glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule, so glycosuria is expected even with normal blood glucose. Urine glucose cannot be used to monitor control in these patients. The drugs also raise the risk of genital infections and DKA.核对依据: Ketones blood test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: B · 检查样本是如何采集的,评估患者并重复检测
突然孤立的升高可能是真实的变化,例如由新药或肾损伤引起,也可能是样本问题,如溶血或处理前延迟。护士应评估患者,通知医疗人员并安排重复检测。核对依据: Hyperkalemia · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2025)
答案: 完全代偿
解读血气(ROME):先看 pH:低于 7.35 为酸血症,高于 7.45 为碱血症。然后找出能解释它的指标。PaCO₂(正常 35–45 mmHg,4.7–6.0 kPa)是呼吸方面的指标,在呼吸性紊乱中与 pH 反向(Opposite)变化;HCO₃⁻(正常 22–26 mmol/L)是代谢方面的指标,与 pH 同向变化(Respiratory Opposite, Metabolic Equal,即呼吸性相反,代谢性相同)。另一个指标显示代偿情况:正常表示未代偿;沿着使 pH 回升的方向异常、而 pH 仍然异常,表示部分代偿;pH 正常而两个指标都异常,表示完全代偿。各实验室的范围略有差异;这些是练习用数值。
临床上还应检查预期代偿:按温特公式,预期 PaCO₂ 为 34.5–38.5 mmHg,所以实测 33 mmHg 提示合并呼吸性碱中毒(混合性紊乱)。上面的答案是按 ROME 法的考试分类。
答案: A–a 梯度 = 96.14 mmHg
衍生数值:计算所得的血清渗透压为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖 + 尿素,各值均以 mmol/L 计(葡萄糖和 BUN 以 mg/dL 计时为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖/18 + BUN/2.8);正常约为 275–295 mOsm/kg。P/F 比值是 PaO₂ 除以以小数表示的 FiO₂。海平面的肺泡氧分压为 PAO₂ = FiO₂·(760 − 47) − PaCO₂/0.8 mmHg,A–a 梯度为 PAO₂ − PaO₂。
答案: QTc = 0.5 s
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
超过男性(约 0.45 s)和女性(约 0.46 s)的通常上限:延长。(500 ms)
答案: 每组的 P 波数 = 3
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
3:2 文氏阻滞。
答案: C · “I would like you to see him within 15 minutes and consider a fluid bolus.”
A good recommendation is specific about the request and the time frame. Vague statements leave the provider unsure how urgent the problem is.
答案: C · 一名病情稳定的 COPD 患者,需要定时雾化支气管扩张剂和口服药物
病情稳定、接受常规治疗的 COPD 患者,其护理是可预测的。刚从 ICU 转来的患者和新开始的静脉控制心率输注需要 RN 评估,而关于新的高警示药物的初次教育属于 RN。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/medical-surgical-nursing