内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
方法
- 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
- 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
- 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
- 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
- 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
How does digoxin help a patient with atrial fibrillation and heart failure?
一名心房颤动患者心率 165 次/分,血压 78/45 mmHg,胸痛并出现新的意识混乱。护士应预期哪种治疗?
为什么在 DKA 静脉输注胰岛素时必须密切监测钾?
Near the end of a haemodialysis session, a patient has painful leg cramps and a falling blood pressure. What is the most likely cause?
Why is the "whoosh" test no longer used to check nasogastric tube position?
Which preoperative blood result should the nurse report to the team before elective surgery?
Which measure helps reduce the risk of surgical site infection?
A nurse phones a doctor about a deteriorating patient using SBAR. Which statement belongs in the "R" section?
垂体手术后,一名患者每小时排出约 400 mL 淡色尿,比重 1.002,钠已升至 149 mEq/L。最可能的是哪种情况?
A patient with acute pancreatitis has a rising BUN, a falling calcium and a glucose of 250 mg/dL (13.9 mmol/L) over the first 48 hours. What do these results suggest?
某练习血气显示 PaCO₂ 52 mmHg (6.9 kPa)。利用规则:在急性呼吸性酸中毒中,PaCO₂ 每比 40 高出 10 mmHg,HCO₃⁻ 升高 1 mmol/L,以HCO₃⁻ 24 mmol/L 为起点,求预期HCO₃⁻。
某练习血气显示代谢性酸中毒:pH 7.24,PaCO₂ 39 mmHg (5.2 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 16 mmol/L。把实测的PaCO₂与温特公式比较。点选你的解读。
在这条规则的 II 导联心电图上测量 QT 间期和 R–R 间期,然后用 Fridericia 公式 QTc = QT/∛RR(均以秒计)计算经心率校正的QTc。答案以秒表示,保留三位小数。
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
Which action by a nursing assistant needs the nurse to step in?
Two days after starting haloperidol, a patient suddenly develops painful neck twisting and the eyes roll upwards. What should the nurse anticipate?
答案: D · It slows AV node conduction and increases contractility
Digoxin inhibits the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, raising intracellular calcium and contractility, and increases vagal tone, slowing AV conduction and the ventricular rate. It controls symptoms but does not reduce stroke risk, so anticoagulation is still needed in AF.
答案: C · 紧急同步电复律
伴有不良特征(休克、心肌缺血、晕厥或心力衰竭)的快速性心律失常,需要在镇静或麻醉下紧急同步直流电复律。电击与 R 波同步,以避免触发室颤。非同步除颤用于无脉搏的心律,阿托品用于心动过缓。
答案: C · 胰岛素使钾进入细胞,因此血钾可能迅速下降
DKA 患者全身钾严重缺乏,即使最初血清钾正常或偏高。胰岛素使钾转移到细胞内,可引起危险的低钾血症。应经常检测钾,并按医嘱加入液体;如果钾很低,可能要推迟胰岛素,直到开始补钾。
答案: C · Fluid is being removed too quickly
Muscle cramps and hypotension during dialysis are often due to rapid or excessive fluid removal. Staff may reduce the ultrafiltration rate and give saline per protocol. The dry weight may need to be reviewed.
答案: A · Air can be heard even when the tube is in the lung
Auscultation of injected air cannot distinguish the stomach from the lungs or oesophagus, and misplaced tubes have caused deaths. pH testing of aspirate or X-ray is used instead.
答案: A · Potassium 2.9 mmol/L
Normal potassium is about 3.5–5.0 mmol/L. Hypokalaemia increases the risk of arrhythmias during anaesthesia and needs correction before elective surgery. The other results are within normal ranges.
答案: C · Removing hair, if needed, with clippers rather than a razor
Razors cause micro-abrasions that increase infection risk, so hair is removed only if necessary with clippers just before surgery. Keeping patients warm and good skin preparation also help.
答案: B · "Please review him within the next 15 minutes."
In SBAR, R is the recommendation or request, such as a review within a time frame. The other statements belong to Assessment, Background and Situation.
答案: C · 尿崩症
垂体附近的手术可使抗利尿激素的释放停止。没有它,肾脏会排出大量比重低的稀释尿,钠升高。SIADH 则相反:尿液浓缩、钠低。护士应密切测量出入量并及早报告。核对依据: Diabetes insipidus · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Urine specific gravity test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Sodium blood test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: C · Increasingly severe pancreatitis
Rising BUN (fluid loss and kidney injury), low calcium and hyperglycemia are markers of more severe pancreatitis in scoring systems. The nurse monitors fluid balance, vital signs and organ function closely and reports deterioration.核对依据: Acute pancreatitis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: HCO₃⁻ = 25.2 mmol/L
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: 合并呼吸性酸中毒
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: QTc = 0.504 s
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
高于 0.50 s:明显延长。(504 ms)
答案: 二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
答案: D · Taking an oral temperature just after the patient drank cold water
A cold drink lowers mouth temperature for a short time, so the reading will be falsely low. The nurse should ask the assistant to wait before measuring. The other actions are correct.
答案: D · An anticholinergic drug, such as benztropine or procyclidine, as prescribed
Acute dystonia is an early extrapyramidal effect of antipsychotics. It responds quickly to an anticholinergic drug; it can be frightening, and laryngeal spasm can threaten the airway.
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