II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1无脉性电活动(PEA)
2心脏停搏
3心室颤动
4窦性心动过速
15.优先排序与委派中等
On the first day after abdominal surgery, a patient has a temperature of 37.9 °C and reduced breath sounds at the lung bases. Which nursing action is most helpful?
AGive a cough suppressant so that the incision is not strained
BEncourage deep breathing, coughing and use of the incentive spirometer
CKeep the patient lying flat in bed to rest the incision fully
DRestrict oral fluids so that the lungs do not fill up with extra fluid
16.优先排序与委派困难
A patient taking an SSRI is also given tramadol. A few hours later the patient is agitated, sweating and has a fever, jerking muscles and brisk reflexes. What is the most likely cause?
ANeuroleptic malignant syndrome
BOpioid withdrawal
CSerotonin syndrome
DAn anxiety attack
3溶液
1.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
答案: C · Keep the whole body warm, wear gloves and stop smoking
为什么是这个答案
Keeping the core and hands warm, wearing gloves and stopping smoking reduce attacks. Vasoconstrictors such as decongestants and nicotine make it worse. During an attack, gentle warming of the hands is advised.
答案
C · Keep the whole body warm, wear gloves and stop smoking
2.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
答案: A · Call for expert help and give oxygen to both the face and the stoma
为什么是这个答案
In the first days after a tracheostomy, the tract is immature and the tube can easily be misplaced into the tissues. Emergency guidance is to call for an airway expert, apply oxygen to face and stoma and assess breathing. Reinsertion is done only by trained staff.
答案
A · Call for expert help and give oxygen to both the face and the stoma
答案: C · A patient with a glucose of 2.8 mmol/L (50 mg/dL) who is sweaty and confused
为什么是这个答案
Hypoglycaemia with confusion can rapidly lead to seizures and loss of consciousness, so it is treated at once. A moderately high glucose without symptoms, diet questions and routine tests can wait.
答案
C · A patient with a glucose of 2.8 mmol/L (50 mg/dL) who is sweaty and confused
5.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤
答案: A · It forms a protective coating over the ulcer base
为什么是这个答案
Sucralfate binds to the ulcer base and forms a barrier against acid and pepsin. It works best on an empty stomach and can reduce the absorption of other drugs, so doses are separated.
答案
A · It forms a protective coating over the ulcer base
答案: D · To stop blood clots from blocking the catheter
为什么是这个答案
Irrigation dilutes blood and flushes out clots so the catheter does not block. Output must be measured carefully and urine output calculated by subtracting the irrigation volume.
答案
D · To stop blood clots from blocking the catheter
8.临床护理
答案: D · A patient who has just become breathless after starting an IV antibiotic
为什么是这个答案
Breathlessness soon after a new IV antibiotic suggests possible anaphylaxis, an airway and breathing emergency. The infusion should be stopped and the patient assessed immediately.
答案
D · A patient who has just become breathless after starting an IV antibiotic
答案: B · Encourage deep breathing, coughing and use of the incentive spirometer
为什么是这个答案
Reduced basal breath sounds and a mild temperature early after surgery often mean atelectasis. Deep breathing, coughing, incentive spirometry and early mobilization help re-expand the lungs.
答案
B · Encourage deep breathing, coughing and use of the incentive spirometer
16.优先排序与委派
答案: C · Serotonin syndrome
为什么是这个答案
SSRIs and tramadol both raise serotonin. Agitation, fever, clonus and hyperreflexia that start quickly suggest serotonin syndrome; neuroleptic malignant syndrome follows antipsychotics and causes rigid muscles with slow reflexes.