内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
方法
- 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
- 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
- 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
- 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
- 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Which history is a contraindication to thrombolysis for a STEMI?
Four hours after cardiac surgery, the mediastinal drain, which had been draining steadily, suddenly stops. BP falls to 84/60 mmHg, the heart rate rises and the CVP climbs. What should the nurse suspect?
关于甘精胰岛素等长效基础胰岛素,下列哪项说法正确?
A patient with stable epilepsy on phenytoin started a new medicine last week. They now have nystagmus, an unsteady gait and slurred speech. What should the nurse do?
A patient with obstructive sleep apnoea is admitted for surgery. Which instruction is most appropriate?
一名回肠造口患者 6 小时没有排出物,伴绞痛、腹胀、恶心和造口肿胀。护士应怀疑什么?
Why are people with diabetes advised to have regular eye screening?
A patient has a full-thickness burn all the way round the forearm. Which complication must be watched for closely?
A patient taking phenazopyridine for bladder pain has bright orange urine. What should the nurse know about urine tests?
A patient with severe hypertriglyceridemia has a measured sodium of 128 mEq/L, but a measured serum osmolality is normal, and the patient has no symptoms. What is the most likely explanation?
某练习血气显示代谢性酸中毒,HCO₃⁻ 14 mmol/L。用温特公式求预期PaCO₂(范围的中心),单位 mmHg。
练习数值:Na⁺ 144,Cl⁻ 106,HCO₃⁻ 19 mmol/L,白蛋白 22 g/L。求经白蛋白校正的阴离子间隙 AGc = AG + 0.25·(40 − 白蛋白)。
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
A patient’s peripheral IV site is swollen, pale and cool, and the infusion has slowed. What should the nurse do first?
An 85-year-old resident becomes newly confused and is falling, but has no fever. Which cause should the nurse consider first?
答案: D · A previous haemorrhagic stroke
Absolute contraindications include any previous intracranial haemorrhage, recent ischaemic stroke, active internal bleeding, suspected aortic dissection and recent major trauma or surgery. Thrombolysis is used when primary PCI cannot be delivered in time.
答案: A · Cardiac tamponade from a clotted drain
A sudden stop in drainage with falling blood pressure, tachycardia and rising venous pressure suggests blood is collecting around the heart because the drain is blocked. Tamponade after cardiac surgery is an emergency: the surgeon is called at once and the chest may need to be reopened.
答案: C · 在 1 型糖尿病中,即使患者不进食也要继续使用
基础胰岛素覆盖基础需求,作用曲线平坦。在 1 型糖尿病中,患病或禁食期间必须继续使用(剂量可调整),以预防 DKA。甘精胰岛素不得与其他胰岛素混合。
答案: B · Suspect phenytoin toxicity, hold the next dose and ask for a drug level
Nystagmus, ataxia and slurred speech are classic signs of phenytoin toxicity. Interacting drugs can raise its level. The nurse holds the dose, ensures safety and escalates for a level and a review. A new neurological deficit still needs medical assessment.
答案: A · Bring their CPAP machine to use after surgery
OSA increases the risk of airway obstruction and respiratory depression after anaesthesia, especially with opioids. Using CPAP, careful opioid use, sitting up and close monitoring reduce this risk.
答案: B · 造口堵塞,常由食物引起,需要评估
无排出物伴绞痛、腹胀、恶心或呕吐以及造口肿胀,提示梗阻,常由含纤维的食物引起。患者需要评估;可给予液体并寻求专科建议。未经医疗建议不得使用泻药。
答案: B · To detect diabetic retinopathy early, before sight is lost
Diabetic retinopathy often has no symptoms until it is advanced. Screening allows early treatment that can prevent blindness.
答案: C · Loss of circulation to the hand as swelling builds under tight burned skin
Circumferential full-thickness burns form a tight eschar that acts like a tourniquet as oedema develops. Neurovascular checks are needed, and escharotomy may be required.
答案: B · The dye can interfere with dipstick color readings
Phenazopyridine is a urinary analgesic dye that turns urine orange-red. It can interfere with color-based dipstick tests, so the laboratory should be told. The color is harmless, but it can stain contact lenses and clothing.核对依据: Urine - abnormal color · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: D · Pseudohyponatremia, an artifact caused by very high lipids
Very high lipids or proteins take up part of the plasma volume, so some laboratory methods report a falsely low sodium. The osmolality and the sodium measured by direct methods are normal. Treating this "hyponatremia" would be harmful.
答案: PaCO₂ = 29 mmHg
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: AGc = 23.5 mmol/L
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
校正后高于约 12:阴离子间隙升高。
答案: 一度房室传导阻滞
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
答案: 室性心动过速
室性节律:室性心动过速是连续三个或以上宽大(0.12 s 或以上)的波群,频率超过 100 次/分,通常为 150–250 次/分,节律规则,没有相关的 P 波。心室颤动是紊乱、不规则的波形,无法辨认 P 波、QRS 波群或 T 波,也没有可计数的频率。心脏停搏是几乎平直的线,没有心室活动;平直线一定要通过检查患者、导联和增益并换一个导联来确认。在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律,心脏停搏则不是。
在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律。这里只是识别练习。
答案: D · Stop the infusion and remove the cannula
A cool, pale, swollen site suggests infiltration. The nurse stops the infusion, removes the cannula, elevates the limb and restarts the IV at another site as needed.
答案: B · An infection, such as a urinary tract infection, presenting atypically
Older adults often present with confusion or falls rather than fever when they have an infection. New confusion is a change that needs assessment for causes such as infection, dehydration or medication.
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/medical-surgical-nursing