内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
方法
- 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
- 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
- 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
- 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
- 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Which feature of a COPD exacerbation most suggests that antibiotics are needed?
一名哮喘患者的峰流速为其最佳值的 40%,呼吸频率 28 次/分,不能说完整句子。SpO₂ 94%。该次发作应如何分级?
一名患者醒来时出现卒中症状。他们 23:00 上床时一切正常,06:30 醒来。哪个时间被用作发病时间?
A student has fever, a severe headache, a spreading non-blanching rash and a BP of 85/50 mmHg. A lumbar puncture is planned. What is the priority?
Dysphagia that started with solids and now includes liquids, with weight loss, most suggests which cause?
A patient with gallstones has a temperature of 39 °C with rigors, jaundice and right upper abdominal pain. What should the nurse suspect?
Why is an urgent brain scan needed before thrombolysis for a suspected stroke?
A patient taking dapagliflozin is vomiting and unwell, with high blood ketones and a blood glucose of only 11 mmol/L (198 mg/dL). What should be suspected?
A blood sample drawn just after a patient ate a fatty meal is reported as "lipemic." What does this mean for the results?
为什么对肌肉量少的虚弱老年人,正常的肌酐可能具有误导性?
某练习血气显示 PaCO₂ 32 mmHg (4.3 kPa)。利用规则:在急性呼吸性碱中毒中,PaCO₂ 每比 40 低出 10 mmHg,HCO₃⁻ 下降 2 mmol/L,以HCO₃⁻ 24 mmol/L 为起点,求预期HCO₃⁻。
某练习血气显示 pH 7.33,PaCO₂ 35 mmHg (4.7 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 18 mmol/L,Na⁺ 146,Cl⁻ 98 mmol/L。利用阴离子间隙和 Δ 比值,点选最合适的解读。
在这条规则的 II 导联心电图上测量 QT 间期和 R–R 间期,然后用 Bazett 公式 QTc = QT/√RR(均以秒计)计算经心率校正的QTc。答案以秒表示,保留三位小数。
依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。
A nursing assistant tells the RN that a patient’s IV pump is alarming. What is the best response?
一名患者正经外周静脉输注氯化钾,诉说穿刺部位烧灼感,该处发红。护士首先做什么?
答案: A · An increase in purulent (green or yellow) sputum
Antibiotics are usually considered when sputum becomes more purulent, especially with more breathlessness or sputum volume, or signs of pneumonia. Many exacerbations are viral. Oral corticosteroids and increased bronchodilators are also used.
答案: A · 急性重度哮喘
在常用指南(如 BTS/SIGN)中,峰流速为最佳值的 33–50%、呼吸频率 25 次/分或以上、心率 110 次/分或以上,或不能说完整句子,提示急性重度哮喘。危及生命的特征包括峰流速低于 33%、SpO₂ 低于 92%、“沉默肺”、发绀、衰竭或意识混乱;濒死性哮喘是指 PaCO₂ 升高或需要通气。
答案: D · 23:00,即最后一次已知正常的时间
对于“醒后卒中”,发病时间取患者最后一次已知正常的时间,因为卒中可能发生在此后任何时刻。这常使患者超出标准溶栓时间窗,不过高级影像学有时可识别出仍可能获益的患者。
答案: C · Give IV antibiotics at once and start sepsis treatment
Meningococcal septicaemia can kill within hours. Antibiotics must not be delayed for a lumbar puncture or scan. Fluids and other sepsis care are started, and a lumbar puncture is often unsafe in a shocked patient.
答案: B · A narrowing such as an oesophageal tumour
Progressive dysphagia, solids first then liquids, with weight loss, is typical of a mechanical obstruction such as oesophageal cancer or a stricture. It needs an urgent referral for endoscopy.
答案: C · Ascending cholangitis
Fever, jaundice and right upper quadrant pain suggest infection of an obstructed bile duct. It can rapidly cause sepsis and needs blood cultures, IV antibiotics, fluids and urgent biliary drainage, usually by ERCP.
答案: D · To rule out bleeding in the brain
A CT scan distinguishes haemorrhagic from ischaemic stroke. Clot-busting drugs are only given when bleeding has been excluded and other criteria are met.
答案: A · Euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis
SGLT2 inhibitors can cause DKA with near-normal or modestly raised glucose because glucose is lost in the urine. Ketones should be checked in unwell patients on these drugs.
答案: B · High fat in the sample may interfere with some test results
Lipemia makes serum cloudy and can interfere with several laboratory methods, giving inaccurate results. The test may need to be repeated, often after a fast, according to laboratory advice.
答案: A · 肌肉少则产生的肌酐少,掩盖了肾功能的下降
肌酐由肌肉产生。肌肉很少的人产生的肌酐很少,因此即使肾功能下降,数值也可能看起来正常。基于肌酐的 eGFR 同样可能高估肾功能,因此在给予经肾脏清除的药物确定剂量时,可采用实测肌酐清除率或基于胱抑素 C 的估算值。核对依据: Creatinine blood test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: HCO₃⁻ = 22.4 mmol/L
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: 合并代谢性碱中毒
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: QTc = 0.492 s
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
超过男性(约 0.45 s)和女性(约 0.46 s)的通常上限:延长。(492 ms)
答案: QRS 时限
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
答案: A · “I will come and check the pump and the IV site now.”
An alarm may mean an occlusion, air in the line or infiltration. The nurse checks the pump and site; the assistant should not adjust the pump or silence alarms.
答案: C · 停止输注并评估静脉穿刺部位
疼痛和发红提示静脉炎或药液渗漏。护士应停止输注,评估部位,并通知医疗人员。继续输注或加快速度会加重组织损伤。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/medical-surgical-nursing