内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
方法
- 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
- 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
- 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
- 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
- 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Virchow's triad describes three factors that promote venous thrombosis. Which patient factor represents venous stasis?
A patient with crushing chest pain has ST elevation in leads V1–V4. Which coronary artery is most likely blocked?
Several hours after a carotid endarterectomy, which finding needs the most urgent action?
A patient with suspected meningitis has a GCS of 9 and pupils that have become unequal. A doctor plans an immediate lumbar puncture. What is the main concern?
Which medicine commonly delays wound healing?
A patient with a PICC line develops swelling and aching of the same arm and prominent veins on the chest. What should the nurse suspect?
一名服用地高辛的患者出现恶心,脉搏 48 次/分,并说看什么都是黄色的。你应怀疑什么?
一名老年患者夜间突然出现意识混乱,注意力时好时坏。首先应寻找什么原因?
一名患者的中性粒细胞绝对计数为 0.4 × 10³/µL。哪项措施是恰当的?
A patient who had pituitary surgery has fatigue and cold intolerance. The free T4 is low and the TSH is low. What does this pattern suggest?
某练习动脉血气显示 pH 7.38,PaCO₂ 28 mmHg (3.7 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 16 mmol/L。原发性紊乱是代谢性酸中毒。代偿到什么程度?点选你的答案。
某练习血气显示 pH 7.28,PaCO₂ 24 mmHg (3.2 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 11 mmol/L,Na⁺ 132,Cl⁻ 91 mmol/L。利用阴离子间隙和 Δ 比值,点选最合适的解读。
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
这条 II 导联心电图显示二度房室传导阻滞 I 型(文氏现象)。共有多少个每组的 P 波数,包括未下传的那一个(n:(n − 1) 阻滞中的 n)?
A patient with asthma uses a peak flow meter. A reading below 50% of personal best is in the red zone. Which statement shows correct understanding?
During surgery under general anesthesia, a patient develops rising end-tidal carbon dioxide, muscle rigidity and a rapidly increasing temperature. Which drug should the nurse anticipate?
答案: A · Immobility after major surgery
Virchow's triad is stasis of blood, vessel wall injury and hypercoagulability. Immobility, long journeys and heart failure cause stasis. Surgery and trauma injure vessel walls. Oestrogen, cancer, pregnancy and inherited thrombophilias increase coagulability.
答案: B · The left anterior descending artery
ST elevation in V1–V4 indicates an anteroseptal STEMI, usually from LAD occlusion. Anterior MIs damage a large area of muscle and carry a high risk of heart failure and arrhythmias. Leads II, III and aVF suggest an inferior MI, usually from the right coronary artery.
答案: A · An expanding neck swelling with noisy breathing
A neck haematoma after carotid surgery can compress the airway quickly. It needs immediate senior help and may need the wound opened. Neurological checks for new stroke and cranial nerve damage are also part of routine care.
答案: D · Raised pressure in the skull, so the procedure could cause herniation
Reduced consciousness and unequal pupils suggest raised ICP. A lumbar puncture in this situation may cause brain herniation, so imaging comes first, and antibiotics are not delayed. The nurse should raise this concern.
答案: A · Long-term corticosteroids
Corticosteroids suppress the inflammatory phase, collagen formation and immunity, delaying healing and raising infection risk. Other factors include diabetes, smoking, malnutrition, poor perfusion and chemotherapy.
答案: C · A catheter-related deep vein thrombosis
PICCs increase the risk of upper limb DVT. Arm swelling, pain and dilated superficial veins are reported for ultrasound assessment and possible anticoagulation; the line is not used until reviewed.
答案: C · 地高辛中毒
地高辛中毒会引起恶心、呕吐、心动过缓、心律失常和视觉障碍。低钾会增加风险。应暂停给药并报告。
答案: A · 由感染或药物等潜在问题引起的谵妄
谵妄在数小时到数天内发生,并呈波动性。常见原因有感染、药物、脱水、疼痛、便秘和尿潴留。痴呆则是缓慢发展的。
答案: B · 严格的手卫生、体温检查,并禁止有感染的访客
重度中性粒细胞减少感染风险很高。手卫生、早期识别发热以及避开感染源是关键。鲜花可能携带微生物,直肠操作可损伤黏膜,肺炎的室友则是感染风险。核对依据: Low white blood cell count and cancer · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: B · Secondary (central) hypothyroidism from pituitary failure
In primary hypothyroidism, a low T4 causes a high TSH. A low T4 with a low or inappropriately normal TSH means the pituitary (or hypothalamus) is not producing enough TSH, so the TSH cannot be used alone to monitor treatment.核对依据: Thyroxine (T4) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Hypothyroidism · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: 完全代偿
解读血气(ROME):先看 pH:低于 7.35 为酸血症,高于 7.45 为碱血症。然后找出能解释它的指标。PaCO₂(正常 35–45 mmHg,4.7–6.0 kPa)是呼吸方面的指标,在呼吸性紊乱中与 pH 反向(Opposite)变化;HCO₃⁻(正常 22–26 mmol/L)是代谢方面的指标,与 pH 同向变化(Respiratory Opposite, Metabolic Equal,即呼吸性相反,代谢性相同)。另一个指标显示代偿情况:正常表示未代偿;沿着使 pH 回升的方向异常、而 pH 仍然异常,表示部分代偿;pH 正常而两个指标都异常,表示完全代偿。各实验室的范围略有差异;这些是练习用数值。
临床上还应检查预期代偿:按温特公式,预期 PaCO₂ 为 30–34 mmHg,所以实测 28 mmHg 提示合并呼吸性碱中毒(混合性紊乱)。上面的答案是按 ROME 法的考试分类。
答案: 单纯高间隙酸中毒
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: 一度房室传导阻滞
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
答案: 每组的 P 波数 = 3
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
3:2 文氏阻滞。
答案: D · “I will use my reliever inhaler and get emergency help straight away.”
A red-zone reading means a severe flare. The patient uses their quick-relief inhaler as in their action plan and seeks emergency care at once.
答案: D · Dantrolene
Malignant hyperthermia is a reaction to some anesthetic agents that causes hypermetabolism. The triggering drug is stopped and dantrolene is given, with active cooling and support.
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