II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
14.心电图节律条带解读困难
依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1折旧率
2节律
3P 波
4PR 间期
5QRS 时限
15.优先排序与委派中等
A patient taking lithium has vomiting, diarrhea and a new coarse tremor. What should the nurse do?
AEncourage the patient to cut down on salt and fluids
BHold the next dose and report for an urgent lithium level
CReassure the patient that a coarse tremor is expected at first
DGive the dose with food to reduce the stomach upset
16.优先排序与委派困难
A patient with major depression has been withdrawn for weeks but is suddenly calm and cheerful and gives away her belongings. What should the nurse suspect?
AThat she is getting ready for discharge as planned
BA full recovery, so observation can be reduced
CA side effect of her antidepressant medicine that needs no special action
DA raised risk of suicide, because she may have made a decision
3溶液
1.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
答案: D · Supervised walking until pain is near maximal, then rest and repeat
为什么是这个答案
Supervised exercise programmes, walking to near-maximal claudication pain, resting and repeating for about 30 minutes several times a week, improve walking distance. With smoking cessation, an antiplatelet and a statin, this is first-line management.
答案
D · Supervised walking until pain is near maximal, then rest and repeat
答案: D · It takes months to work; pregnant women must not handle broken tablets
为什么是这个答案
Finasteride, a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor, reduces the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone and shrinks the prostate over several months. It can harm a male fetus, so pregnant women should avoid handling crushed or broken tablets.
答案
D · It takes months to work; pregnant women must not handle broken tablets
4.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏
答案: C · Weighing the patient before they go to dialysis
为什么是这个答案
Weighing a patient is a routine task suitable for a trained assistant. Assessing the access, making medication decisions and teaching require the registered nurse's knowledge and judgement.
答案
C · Weighing the patient before they go to dialysis
5.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤
答案: C · Eat more fibre, drink enough fluid and avoid straining
为什么是这个答案
Soft stools reduce straining and pressure on the anal cushions. Long sitting on the toilet and constipating drugs such as codeine should be avoided.
答案
C · Eat more fibre, drink enough fluid and avoid straining
6.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤
答案: A · Deceptive placebos are unethical and do not show pain is "fake"
为什么是这个答案
A placebo response does not mean pain is not real, and giving placebos without consent is deceptive and damages trust. Pain is assessed with the patient and treated according to the plan.
答案
A · Deceptive placebos are unethical and do not show pain is "fake"
7.临床护理
答案: C · To stop blood clots from blocking the catheter
为什么是这个答案
Irrigation dilutes blood and flushes out clots so the catheter does not block. Output must be measured carefully and urine output calculated by subtracting the irrigation volume.
答案
C · To stop blood clots from blocking the catheter
8.临床护理
答案: B · The heart rate falls, blood pressure rises and urine output improves
为什么是这个答案
After a fluid challenge, a falling heart rate, rising blood pressure, better capillary refill, improving consciousness and urine output suggest fluid responsiveness. New crackles or breathlessness suggest fluid overload.
答案
B · The heart rate falls, blood pressure rises and urine output improves
9.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · Hemoglobin and blood pressure
为什么是这个答案
Epoetin stimulates red cell production. Hemoglobin is monitored, because raising it too high increases the risk of hypertension, stroke and thrombosis. Blood pressure is monitored, and iron stores are checked, since iron is needed for a good response.核对依据:Erythropoietin Stimulating Agents · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2024)
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 12.5 × 0.04 = 0.50 s
RR = 27 × 0.04 = 1.08 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.50/√1.08 = 0.50/1.039 = 0.481 s
答案
QTc = 0.481 s
超过男性(约 0.45 s)和女性(约 0.46 s)的通常上限:延长。(481 ms)
14.心电图节律条带解读
答案: QRS 时限
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 19 个小格,1500 ÷ 19 ≈ 79 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.76 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.16 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.14 s,增宽(0.12 s 或以上)。
第一个异常的步骤
QRS 时限 → 窦性心律伴宽 QRS
答案
QRS 时限
15.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Hold the next dose and report for an urgent lithium level
为什么是这个答案
Vomiting, diarrhea and a coarse tremor suggest lithium toxicity. The nurse holds the dose and reports so a serum level can be checked; low salt or fluid intake raises lithium levels further.
答案
B · Hold the next dose and report for an urgent lithium level
16.优先排序与委派
答案: D · A raised risk of suicide, because she may have made a decision
为什么是这个答案
A sudden lift in mood with giving away belongings can mean the patient has decided to end her life. The nurse asks directly about suicidal thoughts and keeps her safe.
答案
D · A raised risk of suicide, because she may have made a decision