A young patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy asks why they are told to avoid dehydration. What is the best explanation?
ADehydration is the cause of the inherited condition
BDehydration makes the heart muscle grow thicker within a few hours
CLow blood volume can worsen obstruction of blood leaving the heart
DFluids dissolve the extra muscle in the heart wall
2.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难
After an anaphylactic reaction to a bee sting that responded to adrenaline (epinephrine), a patient asks to go home immediately. Which advice is most appropriate?
AGo home straight away, because anaphylaxis never recurs once adrenaline has worked
BGo home and take antihistamines only if the throat swells
CStay in hospital for at least two weeks on daily intravenous antihistamines
DStay for observation, then go home with an adrenaline auto-injector and teaching
3.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等
Which action is part of an effective bowel programme after a spinal cord injury?
AAvoiding fibre to prevent bloating
BRestricting fluids to reduce the volume of stool
CUsing strong laxatives only when the bowel has not opened for a week
DA routine at the same time each day, often after a meal
4.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难
An older man was found on the floor after lying there for many hours. His urine is dark brown, and his creatine kinase is very high. What is the main kidney risk and the key treatment?
AAKI from rhabdomyolysis, treated with generous IV fluids
BA urinary infection, treated with oral antibiotics only
CHypothermia, treated with a fluid restriction
DA kidney stone, treated with strong pain relief
5.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等
为什么教患者咳嗽时用枕头支托腹部伤口?
A它取代了规律镇痛的需要
B它加速皮肤边缘的愈合
C它使咳嗽变弱,从而不使伤口受到风险
D它可减轻疼痛和牵拉,使患者能有效咳嗽
6.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难
一名乳腺癌患者出现意识混乱、口渴、便秘和多尿。应考虑哪种肿瘤急症?
A恶性肿瘤相关高钙血症
B低血糖
C上腔静脉阻塞
D肿瘤溶解综合征
7.临床护理中等
What should a patient be told before using sublingual glyceryl trinitrate (GTN, nitroglycerin) spray for angina?
AUse it only after the pain has lasted over an hour, with the patient lying flat
BSit down before using it, as it can cause dizziness and low blood pressure
CTake it with a large glass of milk to protect the stomach lining
DSwallow the spray rather than leaving it under the tongue
8.临床护理困难
一名静脉滴注万古霉素的患者在快速输注时出现面部和颈部潮红及瘙痒性红疹。最可能的原因和处理是什么?
A正常反应;加快输注速度
B输注相关反应;停止或减慢输注,并通知开药者
C肝衰竭;永久停用所有药物
D晒伤;涂抹乳膏后继续
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等
An older adult takes lisinopril and furosemide and recently started daily ibuprofen for knee pain. The creatinine has risen from 1.0 to 1.8 mg/dL (88 to 159 µmol/L). What is the most likely cause?
ANormal aging of the kidneys over a period of a few weeks
BMore activity has increased the patient's muscle mass quickly
CA laboratory error, since ibuprofen has no effect on the kidney
DThe NSAID reduces kidney blood flow on top of the other two drugs
这条 II 导联心电图条带显示窦性心律伴一次停顿。测量 停顿,即跨越停顿的 R–R 间期,单位为秒。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
停顿 = s
14.心电图节律条带解读困难
这位患者装有起搏器。请解读这条 II 导联心电图条带。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1起搏心律,夺获失败
2室性自搏心律
3二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
4双腔(房室)起搏心律
15.优先排序与委派中等
A patient is receiving continuous tube feeds. Which action best reduces the risk of aspiration?
ALay the patient flat for an hour after each bag is hung
BTurn the feed off only while the patient is asleep at night
CIncrease the feed rate so the stomach empties sooner
DKeep the head of the bed raised to at least 30 degrees
16.优先排序与委派困难
A child with sickle cell disease in a pain crisis develops chest pain, fever and an SpO₂ of 89%. What does this most likely mean?
AAcute chest syndrome, which needs urgent escalation and oxygen
BA minor chest infection that can safely wait until the morning round
CAn ordinary pain crisis that will improve with rest
DAnxiety that will settle with reassurance
3溶液
1.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
答案: C · Low blood volume can worsen obstruction of blood leaving the heart
为什么是这个答案
In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a thickened septum can obstruct the left ventricular outflow tract, and the obstruction worsens when the ventricle is underfilled. Dehydration, vasodilators and strenuous exertion can trigger symptoms or arrhythmias. It is a cause of sudden cardiac death in young people.
答案
C · Low blood volume can worsen obstruction of blood leaving the heart
2.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
答案: D · Stay for observation, then go home with an adrenaline auto-injector and teaching
为什么是这个答案
Biphasic reactions can occur hours after the first reaction resolves, so patients are observed for a period determined by severity and local guidance. Before discharge they receive adrenaline auto-injectors with training, a written plan and referral to an allergy service.
答案
D · Stay for observation, then go home with an adrenaline auto-injector and teaching
3.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏
答案: D · A routine at the same time each day, often after a meal
为什么是这个答案
A regular routine, timed after a meal to use the gastrocolic reflex, plus fluids, fibre and, often, suppositories or digital stimulation, helps prevent constipation and accidents. This also reduces the risk of autonomic dysreflexia.
答案
D · A routine at the same time each day, often after a meal
4.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏
答案: A · AKI from rhabdomyolysis, treated with generous IV fluids
为什么是这个答案
Prolonged pressure damages muscle (rhabdomyolysis), releasing myoglobin, which is toxic to the tubules, as well as potassium. Early, generous IV fluids with close monitoring of urine output, potassium and creatinine help protect the kidneys.
答案
A · AKI from rhabdomyolysis, treated with generous IV fluids
答案: B · Sit down before using it, as it can cause dizziness and low blood pressure
为什么是这个答案
GTN causes vasodilation, which can lead to headache, flushing, dizziness and hypotension. Patients should sit, and seek emergency help if the pain does not settle after the advised doses.
答案
B · Sit down before using it, as it can cause dizziness and low blood pressure
答案: D · The NSAID reduces kidney blood flow on top of the other two drugs
为什么是这个答案
NSAIDs reduce prostaglandin-driven blood flow to the kidney. Combined with an ACE inhibitor and a diuretic, this can cause acute kidney injury, especially in older adults. The nurse reports the result and the NSAID is usually stopped.核对依据:Creatinine blood test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案
D · The NSAID reduces kidney blood flow on top of the other two drugs
窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
测量
跨越停顿,从 R 波到 R 波共 53 个小格
转换
停顿 = 53 × 0.04 s = 2.12 s
与 P–P 比较
2.12 ÷ 0.88 ≈ 2.4 个 P–P 周期,不是整数
答案
停顿 = 2.12 s
停顿中没有出现 P 波,且停顿不是 P–P 周期的整数倍:窦性停搏。恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞。
14.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 起搏心律,夺获失败
起搏心律:起搏器脉冲表现为一条细而垂直的起搏钉样信号。心室钉样信号之后的 QRS 是增宽的(0.12 s 或以上),因为冲动是从导线经心肌传播,而不是经传导系统;右心室起搏时,在 II 导联上通常以负向为主。P 波之前的钉样信号表示心房起搏;双腔(房室)起搏器则表现为心房钉样信号加 P 波,再经过程控的房室延迟,出现心室钉样信号和增宽的 QRS。夺获是指每个钉样信号之后都跟着一次除极。夺获失败是指钉样信号之后没有 P 波或 QRS;感知不良(钉样信号无视患者自己的心搏)和起搏不良(该出现钉样信号时没有)是另外两种典型的故障。
答案: D · Keep the head of the bed raised to at least 30 degrees
为什么是这个答案
Raising the head of the bed to at least 30 degrees during and after feeding lowers the risk of reflux and aspiration. Lying flat greatly increases the risk.
答案
D · Keep the head of the bed raised to at least 30 degrees
16.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Acute chest syndrome, which needs urgent escalation and oxygen
为什么是这个答案
Chest pain, fever and low oxygen in sickle cell disease suggest acute chest syndrome. It can worsen quickly, so oxygen, urgent review and prescribed treatment are needed.
答案
A · Acute chest syndrome, which needs urgent escalation and oxygen