内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
方法
- 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
- 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
- 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
- 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
- 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
How should a patient with asthma record their peak flow at home?
A patient with severe COPD has increasing ankle oedema and a raised JVP, but no crackles and a normal left ventricle on echocardiography. Which condition is most likely?
When a patient sticks out their tongue, it points to the right. Which nerve is affected?
The nurse has four urology patients. Which one needs to be seen first?
一名肝硬化患者因肝性脑病服用乳果糖。通常的目标是什么?
On day 3 after laparoscopic cholecystectomy, a patient has abdominal pain, fever and mild jaundice, and green fluid is draining from the drain. What is most likely?
What should a nurse do during a generalised tonic-clonic seizure?
A patient going home after chemotherapy is taught about infection. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A patient starts high-dose prednisone. Which laboratory change should the nurse expect?
一名服用华法林、INR 稳定在 2.4 的患者开始使用环丙沙星等抗生素疗程。一周后 INR 为 4.6。最可能的解释是什么?
某练习动脉血气显示 pH 7.38,PaCO₂ 28 mmHg (3.7 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 16 mmol/L。原发性紊乱是代谢性酸中毒。代偿到什么程度?点选你的答案。
某练习血气显示 pH 7.32,PaCO₂ 32 mmHg (4.3 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 16 mmol/L,Na⁺ 140,Cl⁻ 88 mmol/L。利用阴离子间隙和 Δ 比值,点选最合适的解读。
这条 II 导联心电图条带显示窦性心律伴一次停顿。测量 停顿,即跨越停顿的 R–R 间期,单位为秒。
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
A patient on a nasal cannula at 6 L/min still has a low SpO₂. What should the nurse do?
An RN sees an LPN/LVN crushing an extended-release metoprolol tablet to mix with applesauce. What should the RN do?
答案: B · Take the best of three blows, ideally morning and evening
The patient stands or sits upright, takes a full breath and blows as hard and fast as possible, three times, recording the best. Regular readings show variability and guide the action plan, which uses the patient's own best value as the reference.
答案: C · Cor pulmonale
Chronic hypoxia in COPD causes pulmonary hypertension, which strains the right ventricle and leads to right heart failure with oedema and raised JVP. Management includes treating hypoxia (long-term oxygen if eligible), diuretics for oedema and optimising COPD treatment.
答案: D · The right hypoglossal nerve (XII)
With a lower motor neuron lesion of the hypoglossal nerve, the tongue deviates towards the side of the lesion, because the healthy muscles push it across. Wasting and fasciculation of that side may also be seen.
答案: C · A patient with a nephrostomy who has rigors and a BP of 86/50 mmHg
Rigors and hypotension in a patient with a nephrostomy suggest urosepsis, which needs immediate assessment and treatment. Light pink drainage after TURP is expected. The other patients are stable.
答案: B · 每天排两到三次软便
乳果糖使结肠酸化并捕获氨,还能加快肠道转运。剂量应滴定至每天 2–3 次软便。过度腹泻可引起脱水和电解质紊乱,使脑病加重。
答案: D · A bile leak
Bile leakage from the cystic duct or a duct injury causes pain, fever and sometimes jaundice, with bile in the drain. It needs urgent surgical review and often ERCP and stenting.
答案: D · Protect the head, time the seizure and do not put anything in the mouth
Remove nearby hazards, cushion the head, note the time and do not restrain or put objects in the mouth. Once jerking stops, place the patient in the recovery position and check the airway.
答案: A · "If I get a temperature, I'll take paracetamol and wait until my next clinic."
A fever after chemotherapy may be neutropenic sepsis, which needs urgent assessment and antibiotics. Patients should call the oncology helpline straight away rather than masking the fever with paracetamol (acetaminophen).
答案: C · A rise in blood glucose
Glucocorticoids raise blood glucose by increasing glucose production and reducing insulin sensitivity. They also tend to lower potassium, retain sodium and raise the white cell count by releasing neutrophils into the blood.核对依据: Blood Glucose Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: D · 增强华法林作用的药物相互作用
一些抗生素通过减少华法林的分解或改变产生维生素 K 的肠道细菌来增强华法林的作用。开始使用此类药物时,应更频繁地监测 INR。饮食中维生素 K 增多则会使 INR 降低。核对依据: Taking warfarin · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: 完全代偿
解读血气(ROME):先看 pH:低于 7.35 为酸血症,高于 7.45 为碱血症。然后找出能解释它的指标。PaCO₂(正常 35–45 mmHg,4.7–6.0 kPa)是呼吸方面的指标,在呼吸性紊乱中与 pH 反向(Opposite)变化;HCO₃⁻(正常 22–26 mmol/L)是代谢方面的指标,与 pH 同向变化(Respiratory Opposite, Metabolic Equal,即呼吸性相反,代谢性相同)。另一个指标显示代偿情况:正常表示未代偿;沿着使 pH 回升的方向异常、而 pH 仍然异常,表示部分代偿;pH 正常而两个指标都异常,表示完全代偿。各实验室的范围略有差异;这些是练习用数值。
临床上还应检查预期代偿:按温特公式,预期 PaCO₂ 为 30–34 mmHg,所以实测 28 mmHg 提示合并呼吸性碱中毒(混合性紊乱)。上面的答案是按 ROME 法的考试分类。
答案: 合并代谢性碱中毒
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: 停顿 = 1.92 s
窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
停顿中没有出现 P 波,且停顿不是 P–P 周期的整数倍:窦性停搏。恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞。
答案: 二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
II 型和三度阻滞可能突然进展,所以教科书将它们列为比 I 型更严重。
答案: B · Report it, because a different oxygen device is likely to be needed
Standard nasal cannulas are usually run at up to about 6 L/min; higher flows dry the nose without much benefit. If the patient still needs more oxygen, the nurse assesses and escalates for a different device.
答案: A · Stop the LPN/LVN and contact the prescriber or pharmacist about another form
Crushing an extended-release tablet releases the whole dose at once and can cause toxicity, such as severe bradycardia or hypotension. The RN steps in now and arranges a suitable form.
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/medical-surgical-nursing