Why do patients with major burns lose so much fluid in the first 24–48 hours?
APatients drink far too little in hospital in the first days
BThe kidneys stop making urine completely
CThe burned skin absorbs fluid from the air
DLeaky capillaries let plasma move into the tissues
6.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难
After forearm fracture surgery, a patient has severe pain not eased by opioids, made worse by passively moving the fingers. What should the nurse do?
ALoosen any tight dressing, keep the arm at heart level and escalate
BReassure the patient that this pain is expected
CRaise the arm as high as possible and give a further dose of opioid
DApply ice and a tighter bandage to reduce the swelling
7.临床护理中等
Which measure helps reduce the risk of surgical site infection?
AChanging the wound dressing every hour
BLeaving the patient cool during surgery to slow bacterial growth
CRemoving hair, if needed, with clippers rather than a razor
DShaving the area with a razor the night before surgery
8.临床护理困难
Which action is most important in protecting a patient with severe neutropenia from infection?
ATaking rectal temperatures regularly
BKeeping fresh flowers and plants in the room to help the patient's mood
CGiving routine intramuscular injections
DStrict hand hygiene by everyone who has contact with the patient
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等
How does normal pregnancy usually affect serum creatinine?
AIt falls, because GFR rises
BIt stays exactly the same
CIt rises, because GFR falls
DIt rises with every week
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难
After a crush injury, a patient's urine dipstick is strongly positive for blood, but microscopy shows almost no red cells. CK is very high. What best explains this?
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1窦性心律不齐
2窦性心动过速
3正常窦性心律
4窦性心动过缓
14.心电图节律条带解读困难
依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1折旧率
2节律
3P 波
4PR 间期
5QRS 时限
15.优先排序与委派中等
哪种定时给药的药物时间要求最严格?
A随已送到的早餐托盘一起给予的速效胰岛素
B随早餐给予的每日大便软化剂
C08:00 到期的每日复合维生素片
D08:00 随早餐服用的每日降胆固醇他汀类药片
16.优先排序与委派困难
A patient is admitted with suspected meningococcal meningitis. Which precautions are needed until treatment has been given for long enough?
AStandard precautions only
BAirborne precautions
CDroplet precautions
DContact precautions only
3溶液
1.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
答案: B · Apply firm pressure to the site for several minutes
为什么是这个答案
Firm pressure for at least about 5 minutes (longer in patients on anticoagulants or with clotting problems) prevents a haematoma. The hand is checked for colour and circulation. The sample is processed promptly.
答案
B · Apply firm pressure to the site for several minutes
答案: D · Leaky capillaries let plasma move into the tissues
为什么是这个答案
Inflammatory mediators make capillaries leaky, so plasma moves into the tissues and from the burn surface. Without fluids this causes burn shock; oedema is greatest in the first day or two.
答案
D · Leaky capillaries let plasma move into the tissues
6.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤
答案: A · Loosen any tight dressing, keep the arm at heart level and escalate
为什么是这个答案
These are early signs of compartment syndrome, where raised pressure in a muscle compartment reduces blood flow. Constrictive dressings are released, the limb is kept at heart level and urgent surgical review is needed, as fasciotomy may be required.
答案
A · Loosen any tight dressing, keep the arm at heart level and escalate
7.临床护理
答案: C · Removing hair, if needed, with clippers rather than a razor
为什么是这个答案
Razors cause micro-abrasions that increase infection risk, so hair is removed only if necessary with clippers just before surgery. Keeping patients warm and good skin preparation also help.
答案
C · Removing hair, if needed, with clippers rather than a razor
8.临床护理
答案: D · Strict hand hygiene by everyone who has contact with the patient
为什么是这个答案
Hand hygiene is the single most effective measure to protect neutropenic patients. Rectal procedures and IM injections are avoided because they can cause mucosal or tissue injury and bleeding.
答案
D · Strict hand hygiene by everyone who has contact with the patient
9.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · It falls, because GFR rises
为什么是这个答案
In pregnancy, kidney blood flow and GFR rise by about 50%, so creatinine falls below non-pregnant values. A creatinine that looks "normal" for a non-pregnant adult may indicate reduced kidney function in pregnancy.
答案
A · It falls, because GFR rises
10.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · Myoglobin from damaged muscle is in the urine
为什么是这个答案
The dipstick blood test detects heme, which is present in both hemoglobin and myoglobin. Positive "blood" without red cells, together with a very high CK, indicates myoglobinuria from rhabdomyolysis, which can damage the kidneys. IV fluids and close monitoring of urine output and potassium are needed.核对依据:Myoglobin urine test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Rhabdomyolysis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Creatine Kinase · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023)
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 18 个小格,1500 ÷ 18 ≈ 83 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.72 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.20 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
正常窦性心律
答案
正常窦性心律
14.心电图节律条带解读
答案: QRS 时限
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 22 个小格,1500 ÷ 22 ≈ 68 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.88 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.14 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.12 s,增宽(0.12 s 或以上)。
第一个异常的步骤
QRS 时限 → 窦性心律伴宽 QRS
答案
QRS 时限
15.优先排序与委派
答案: A · 随已送到的早餐托盘一起给予的速效胰岛素
为什么是这个答案
速效胰岛素随餐给药;给得晚或不进食可导致血糖过高或过低。其他每日用药稍晚一点给予也无妨。
答案
A · 随已送到的早餐托盘一起给予的速效胰岛素
16.优先排序与委派
答案: C · Droplet precautions
为什么是这个答案
Neisseria meningitidis spreads by respiratory droplets, so a surgical mask is worn within close range. Droplet precautions continue until the patient has received effective antibiotics for about 24 hours.