内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
方法
- 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
- 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
- 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
- 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
- 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Which energy-conservation advice is most useful for a patient with severe COPD?
Which task for a stable patient with heart failure can the registered nurse most appropriately delegate to a healthcare assistant (unlicensed assistive personnel)?
A patient taking warfarin is diagnosed with an intracerebral haemorrhage. What is the priority treatment?
A patient on warfarin starts levothyroxine for hypothyroidism. What should the nurse expect to monitor more closely?
Why might a patient's platelet count be monitored while they receive heparin?
An hour after a line flush, a patient receiving parenteral nutrition has rigors and a temperature of 39.1 °C. What should the nurse suspect and do?
A patient with anaphylaxis is hypotensive but has no breathing difficulty. How should they be positioned?
Which type of drug is commonly used to treat neuropathic pain?
A patient with an upper gastrointestinal bleed has a BUN of 48 mg/dL (urea 17 mmol/L) and a normal creatinine. What is the most likely explanation?
A patient started methimazole for hyperthyroidism 6 weeks ago and now has a fever and a severe sore throat. Which action is most important?
某练习动脉血气显示 pH 7.27,PaCO₂ 75 mmHg (10.0 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 33 mmol/L。原发性紊乱是呼吸性酸中毒。代偿到什么程度?点选你的答案。
某练习血气显示呼吸性酸中毒:pH 7.23,PaCO₂ 64 mmHg (8.5 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 26 mmol/L。利用规则“HCO₃⁻ 每 10 mmHg 升高 1 mmol/L(急性)或 3.5 mmol/L(慢性)”进行分类。点选你的答案。
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
A nurse teaches a patient to use an incentive spirometer. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
Two hours after a femoral cardiac catheterization, the nurse sees blood spreading from the puncture site. What is the first action?
答案: D · Sit down for tasks such as washing and dressing, and pace activities
Planning and pacing, sitting for tasks, keeping frequently used items within reach and breathing out during effort reduce breathlessness. Complete inactivity worsens deconditioning, so activity is encouraged within limits.
答案: C · Measuring and recording the morning weight
Weighing a stable patient is a routine, measurable task that can be delegated, with the result reported to the nurse. Assessment, patient teaching and clinical decisions about medicines require the registered nurse's judgement and cannot be delegated.
答案: B · Urgent reversal of the anticoagulant effect
Anticoagulants make the haematoma expand. Warfarin is reversed urgently, typically with prothrombin complex concentrate and IV vitamin K. Thrombolysis and antiplatelets are contraindicated in a bleed.
答案: C · The INR, because it may rise
As thyroid function returns to normal, clotting factors are broken down faster, which increases the effect of warfarin. The INR is checked more often and the warfarin dose may need to be reduced.
答案: D · To detect heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is an immune reaction, usually 5–10 days after starting heparin, that lowers platelets and paradoxically causes thrombosis. Monitoring depends on risk and local policy.
答案: C · Line infection; escalate and take blood cultures
Fever and rigors after flushing a central line suggest a catheter-related bloodstream infection. The nurse escalates urgently, takes cultures from the line and peripherally per policy, and starts sepsis care.
答案: B · Lying flat, with the legs raised
Lying flat with the legs raised supports circulation in anaphylactic shock. Patients with breathing difficulty may prefer to sit up, but should not stand or walk, as this can cause collapse.
答案: C · Some anticonvulsants or antidepressants, such as gabapentin
Neuropathic pain responds poorly to standard analgesics. Drugs that modify nerve signalling, such as gabapentinoids and some antidepressants, are used, with doses increased gradually.
答案: A · Digested blood adds protein, which the liver turns into urea
Blood in the upper gut is digested, and the absorbed protein is converted to urea, so the BUN rises out of proportion to the creatinine. Reduced kidney blood flow from volume loss can add to the rise.核对依据: BUN - blood test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: C · Hold the drug and arrange an urgent white cell and neutrophil count
Methimazole and propylthiouracil can cause agranulocytosis, often in the first months of therapy. Fever or sore throat must be reported at once; the drug is held and a CBC with differential is checked. Infection is treated urgently if neutrophils are low.
答案: 部分代偿
解读血气(ROME):先看 pH:低于 7.35 为酸血症,高于 7.45 为碱血症。然后找出能解释它的指标。PaCO₂(正常 35–45 mmHg,4.7–6.0 kPa)是呼吸方面的指标,在呼吸性紊乱中与 pH 反向(Opposite)变化;HCO₃⁻(正常 22–26 mmol/L)是代谢方面的指标,与 pH 同向变化(Respiratory Opposite, Metabolic Equal,即呼吸性相反,代谢性相同)。另一个指标显示代偿情况:正常表示未代偿;沿着使 pH 回升的方向异常、而 pH 仍然异常,表示部分代偿;pH 正常而两个指标都异常,表示完全代偿。各实验室的范围略有差异;这些是练习用数值。
答案: 急性
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: 交界性心律
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
答案: 二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
II 型和三度阻滞可能突然进展,所以教科书将它们列为比 I 型更严重。
答案: D · “I will blow into it as hard and fast as I can.”
An incentive spirometer is used by breathing in slowly and deeply, then holding the breath briefly. Blowing into it does not expand the lungs.
答案: D · Apply firm, direct pressure just above the puncture site
Direct manual pressure just above the puncture site compresses the femoral artery and stops bleeding. The patient keeps the leg straight, and the nurse checks vital signs and distal pulses and informs the provider.
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/medical-surgical-nursing