In heart failure, why does activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system worsen symptoms over time?
AIt lowers the blood pressure to very low levels over time
BIt slows the heart rate dangerously
CIt causes sodium and water retention and vasoconstriction
DIt makes the kidneys pass too much dilute urine each day
2.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难
A patient with asthma needs their reliever every three hours and their peak flow is falling well below their personal best. What does their action plan most likely advise?
AWait two weeks to see whether it improves without any change
BDo extra exercise to open the airways
CFollow the worsening-asthma steps and get a same-day review
DStop the preventer inhaler for a few days to rest the lungs
3.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等
头部受伤后,一名患者鼻子里滴出清亮液体。主要的担忧是什么?
A对 CT 造影剂过敏
B单纯感冒或花粉症发作
C颅骨骨折引起的脑脊液漏
D哭泣后产生的正常黏液
4.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难
A patient with known back pain says they now cannot feel the skin between their legs and have not passed urine for 12 hours. What should happen?
AUrgent MRI and referral to the spinal surgeons
BA routine physiotherapy appointment next week
CA laxative and review in the clinic in a month
DAdvice to rest at home and take stronger painkillers
5.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等
What are anticipatory ("just in case") medicines at the end of life usually prescribed for?
AInfection prevention and vaccination
BHigh blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes
CPain, nausea, agitation and respiratory secretions
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1心房颤动
2正常窦性心律
3室性二联律
4窦性心律伴室性早搏
14.心电图节律条带解读困难
这位患者装有起搏器。请解读这条 II 导联心电图条带。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
2双腔(房室)起搏心律
3窦性心律伴宽 QRS
4起搏心律,夺获失败
15.优先排序与委派中等
A nurse teaches a patient with COPD pursed-lip breathing. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“I will breathe in slowly through my nose.”
B“I will make my breath out about twice as long as my breath in.”
C“I will breathe out slowly through pursed lips.”
D“I will breathe in through my mouth and out quickly through my nose.”
16.优先排序与委派困难
A patient is going home on a new oral anticoagulant. There is only a short time for teaching. Which topic is most important?
AHow to choose comfortable walking shoes
BSigns of bleeding and when to seek help
CWhich television programs help with relaxation
DHow to cook low-fat meals
3溶液
1.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
答案: C · It causes sodium and water retention and vasoconstriction
为什么是这个答案
Reduced cardiac output activates RAAS and the sympathetic system. Angiotensin II constricts vessels (raising afterload) and aldosterone retains sodium and water (raising preload and congestion). ACE inhibitors, ARBs, mineralocorticoid antagonists and beta-blockers block these harmful loops.
答案
C · It causes sodium and water retention and vasoconstriction
2.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
答案: C · Follow the worsening-asthma steps and get a same-day review
为什么是这个答案
Personal asthma action plans set steps based on symptoms and peak flow compared with the personal best. Increasing reliever need and a falling peak flow mean worsening asthma: treatment is increased as the plan says (sometimes with oral steroids) and urgent review is sought. Severe signs need emergency care.
答案
C · Follow the worsening-asthma steps and get a same-day review
答案: A · Urgent MRI and referral to the spinal surgeons
为什么是这个答案
Saddle anaesthesia with urinary retention suggests cauda equina syndrome. Delay can lead to permanent bladder, bowel and sexual dysfunction. The patient needs an emergency MRI and surgical decompression if confirmed.
答案
A · Urgent MRI and referral to the spinal surgeons
5.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤
答案: C · Pain, nausea, agitation and respiratory secretions
为什么是这个答案
Anticipatory medicines are prescribed in advance, usually for subcutaneous use, so that common end-of-life symptoms can be treated quickly without delay, especially at home.
答案
C · Pain, nausea, agitation and respiratory secretions
答案: C · Oxygen is given if the SpO2 is below the target range
为什么是这个答案
Current guidance recommends oxygen in ACS only for hypoxaemia, as routine oxygen in patients with normal saturations has not been shown to help. Urgent ECG, analgesia and antiplatelet treatment remain priorities.
答案
C · Oxygen is given if the SpO2 is below the target range
答案: D · "If I forget to save one void, I'll just carry on to the end"
为什么是这个答案
A 24-hour collection is valid only if every void in the period is saved; if a void is lost, the nurse or clinic is told and the collection is usually restarted. Keeping the container cool as instructed, adding the final void at the end time and asking about restrictions are correct.核对依据:Urine 24-hour volume · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案
D · "If I forget to save one void, I'll just carry on to the end"
起搏心律:起搏器脉冲表现为一条细而垂直的起搏钉样信号。心室钉样信号之后的 QRS 是增宽的(0.12 s 或以上),因为冲动是从导线经心肌传播,而不是经传导系统;右心室起搏时,在 II 导联上通常以负向为主。P 波之前的钉样信号表示心房起搏;双腔(房室)起搏器则表现为心房钉样信号加 P 波,再经过程控的房室延迟,出现心室钉样信号和增宽的 QRS。夺获是指每个钉样信号之后都跟着一次除极。夺获失败是指钉样信号之后没有 P 波或 QRS;感知不良(钉样信号无视患者自己的心搏)和起搏不良(该出现钉样信号时没有)是另外两种典型的故障。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 25 个小格,1500 ÷ 25 ≈ 60 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.00 s。
3. P 波:每个 P 波都跟在自己的起搏钉样信号之后(心房起搏)。
4. 房室间期:第二个钉样信号在第一个之后 0.20 s 出现(程控的房室延迟)。
5. QRS:0.16 s,增宽,紧跟在第二个钉样信号之后(心室起搏)。
解读
双腔(房室)起搏心律
答案
双腔(房室)起搏心律
起搏产生的 QRS 本来就是增宽的;不要称它为束支传导阻滞或室性心律。
15.优先排序与委派
答案: D · “I will breathe in through my mouth and out quickly through my nose.”
为什么是这个答案
Pursed-lip breathing means breathing in through the nose and out slowly through pursed lips, making exhalation longer. This keeps airways open and reduces air trapping.
答案
D · “I will breathe in through my mouth and out quickly through my nose.”
16.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Signs of bleeding and when to seek help
为什么是这个答案
The main risk of anticoagulants is bleeding, so the patient must know the signs, such as black stools or blood in the urine, and when to seek help. Other topics can follow later.