内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
方法
- 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
- 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
- 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
- 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
- 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
关于定量吸入器的储雾罐,下列哪项说法正确?
An older ex-smoker has a dry cough and worsening breathlessness over a year, finger clubbing and fine "Velcro-like" crackles at both bases at the end of inspiration. Which condition is most likely?
A patient has acute glomerulonephritis with oedema and high blood pressure. Which nursing care is most appropriate?
On day 6 after a subarachnoid haemorrhage, a patient becomes newly confused and develops weakness in one arm. The aneurysm was secured on day 1. What is the most likely cause?
Why should metoclopramide not be used for nausea in mechanical bowel obstruction?
A 76-year-old with a past peptic ulcer needs long-term anti-inflammatory treatment for arthritis. Which plan best reduces GI bleeding risk?
哪种药物用于逆转普通肝素?
Why is a large pleural effusion drained slowly rather than all at once?
Two sets of blood cultures are ordered for a patient with suspected sepsis. How are they best collected?
A patient's bedside glucose meter shows "HI" (above its measuring range). The patient is drowsy. What should the nurse do?
某练习动脉血气显示 pH 7.36,PaCO₂ 22 mmHg (2.9 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 12 mmol/L。原发性紊乱是代谢性酸中毒。代偿到什么程度?点选你的答案。
练习数值:Na⁺ 142,Cl⁻ 111,HCO₃⁻ 13 mmol/L。使用 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻) 计算 Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻)。保留两位小数。
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
这条 II 导联心电图显示房室传导阻滞,所以心房和心室以不同的频率搏动。测量 P–P 间期,求出心房率(单位:次/分,1500 法,取整数)。
护士可以放心最后去看哪位患者?
A patient at 36 weeks of pregnancy has sudden severe abdominal pain, a hard, board-like uterus and dark vaginal bleeding. What should the nurse suspect?
答案: C · 所需的协调动作较少,更多药物到达肺部
储雾罐使气雾减速并将其留存,让患者可以缓慢呼吸吸入。更多药物到达肺部,沉积在口腔的减少。它与加压定量吸入器配合使用,而不用于干粉装置。
答案: A · Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis causes progressive breathlessness, a dry cough, clubbing and fine end-inspiratory crackles. Spirometry shows a restrictive pattern and CT shows fibrosis. Treatment includes antifibrotic drugs, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen and palliative care.
答案: B · Monitor BP, fluid balance and daily weight
In acute glomerulonephritis, salt and water retention cause oedema and hypertension. Close monitoring of BP, input and output and daily weights is needed, often with salt and fluid restriction and antihypertensives.
答案: D · Delayed cerebral ischaemia from vasospasm
Vasospasm of cerebral arteries typically occurs several days after a subarachnoid haemorrhage and causes new focal deficits or confusion. It needs urgent medical review. Normal fluid balance is maintained, and nimodipine is continued.
答案: C · It increases gut movement against the blockage
Metoclopramide stimulates gastric and intestinal motility, which can worsen pain and risk perforation in complete mechanical obstruction. Other antiemetics are chosen.
答案: B · Consider an alternative; if an NSAID is needed, add a PPI
Older age and a previous ulcer greatly increase NSAID-related bleeding. Safer options are considered first; if an NSAID is needed, the lowest effective dose for the shortest time is used with gastroprotection such as a PPI.
答案: D · 硫酸鱼精蛋白
鱼精蛋白与肝素结合并将其中和。维生素 K 用于华法林。
答案: A · Rapid drainage can cause re-expansion pulmonary oedema
Draining a large volume quickly can cause re-expansion pulmonary oedema, with cough, chest tightness and hypoxia. Drainage is controlled, and the patient is watched closely.
答案: C · From two separate venipuncture sites, using strict aseptic technique
Taking cultures from two separate sites helps distinguish true bacteremia (growth in both sets) from skin contamination (growth in only one). The skin is cleaned carefully, the bottle tops are disinfected, and cultures are taken before antibiotics.
答案: D · Send a venous sample to the lab and inform the provider at once
"HI" means the glucose exceeds the meter's range, so the true value is unknown and may be very high, as in DKA or HHS. A laboratory sample is sent, the provider is informed promptly, and the patient is assessed for dehydration and ketones.核对依据: Blood Glucose Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Diabetic ketoacidosis - Medical Encyclopedia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: 完全代偿
解读血气(ROME):先看 pH:低于 7.35 为酸血症,高于 7.45 为碱血症。然后找出能解释它的指标。PaCO₂(正常 35–45 mmHg,4.7–6.0 kPa)是呼吸方面的指标,在呼吸性紊乱中与 pH 反向(Opposite)变化;HCO₃⁻(正常 22–26 mmol/L)是代谢方面的指标,与 pH 同向变化(Respiratory Opposite, Metabolic Equal,即呼吸性相反,代谢性相同)。另一个指标显示代偿情况:正常表示未代偿;沿着使 pH 回升的方向异常、而 pH 仍然异常,表示部分代偿;pH 正常而两个指标都异常,表示完全代偿。各实验室的范围略有差异;这些是练习用数值。
临床上还应检查预期代偿:按温特公式,预期 PaCO₂ 为 24–28 mmHg,所以实测 22 mmHg 提示合并呼吸性碱中毒(混合性紊乱)。上面的答案是按 ROME 法的考试分类。
答案: Δ 比值 = 0.5455
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
低于 1:合并正常阴离子间隙酸中毒。
答案: 交界性心律
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
答案: 心房率 = 94 bpm
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
三度阻滞,伴宽 QRS 室性逸搏(通常为 20–40 次/分)。
答案: A · 一名 COPD 患者,吸氧 1 L/min,SpO₂ 90%(目标 88–92%),能说完整的句子
这名 COPD 患者在规定的目标范围内且感觉舒适,因此是稳定的。术后心率上升、肺水肿征象和突发剧烈头痛都需要及时评估。
答案: A · Placental abruption, which is an emergency
Painful bleeding with a rigid, tender uterus suggests placental abruption, where the placenta separates early. Mother and baby are at risk, so urgent escalation and monitoring are needed.
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/medical-surgical-nursing