Why are patients on haemodialysis vaccinated against hepatitis B?
AHepatitis B vaccine improves the fistula flow
BThe vaccine is needed to make the dialyser work
CShared dialysis units carry a higher infection risk
DThe vaccine lowers the potassium level
4.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难
Weeks after starting insulin, a patient with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes needs much less insulin and has frequent mild hypos. What is the most likely explanation?
AA honeymoon phase, but insulin is still needed
BThe patient actually has type 2 diabetes
CThe diabetes has been cured, so insulin can stop
DThe insulin has gone off and should be replaced
5.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等
出血性消化性溃疡内镜治疗后,常用哪类药物来抑制胃酸?
A西替利嗪等 H1 抗组胺药
Bβ 受体阻滞剂
C袢利尿剂
D质子泵抑制剂
6.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难
一名已知有食管静脉曲张的患者呕出大量鲜血。内镜检查前,护士应预期哪些治疗?
A在复苏期间使用奥曲肽或特利加压素,并加用静脉抗生素
B快速输注生理盐水至高血压
C口服 NSAID 止痛和高蛋白饮食
D在任何药物治疗前紧急做钡餐吞咽检查
7.临床护理中等
A patient with pneumonia is breathless and coughing up thick sputum. Which nursing measure helps most with breathing?
ADiscouraging coughing to save energy
BRestricting all oral fluids
CLying the patient flat so that they can rest and conserve energy
DSitting the patient upright and supporting them to clear secretions
8.临床护理困难
Why must severe chronic hyponatraemia be corrected slowly?
AFast correction makes the kidneys stop producing urine
BFast correction causes severe hypoglycaemia and seizures in most patients
CToo-rapid correction can cause osmotic demyelination in the brain
DSodium given quickly causes immediate cardiac arrest
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient with joint aches has a positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) test. Which statement is correct?
AA positive ANA means the patient has a viral infection
BA positive ANA proves the patient has rheumatoid arthritis
CA positive ANA rules out all other autoimmune diseases
DA positive ANA supports lupus but does not diagnose it alone
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient with heavy alcohol use and a poor diet has a hemoglobin of 10.1 g/dL (101 g/L), an MCV of 110 fL and a low red cell folate. Which explanation fits best?
AThalassemia trait inherited from one of the parents
BFolate deficiency, made worse by a direct alcohol effect
CIron deficiency from slow, chronic bleeding in the gut
DAnemia caused by long-standing chronic kidney disease
答案: C · Shared dialysis units carry a higher infection risk
为什么是这个答案
Haemodialysis involves repeated vascular access in a shared unit, which raises the risk of blood-borne infection. Vaccination, screening and strict infection control protect patients and staff.
答案
C · Shared dialysis units carry a higher infection risk
4.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏
答案: A · A honeymoon phase, but insulin is still needed
为什么是这个答案
After diagnosis and correction of high glucose, remaining beta cells may work better for a while, so insulin needs fall. This honeymoon phase is temporary. The doses are reduced, but insulin is not stopped.
答案
A · A honeymoon phase, but insulin is still needed
5.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤
答案: D · 质子泵抑制剂
为什么是这个答案
PPI 提高胃内 pH,稳定血凝块,并减少溃疡出血内镜治疗后的再出血。应检测并根除 H. pylori,并尽可能停用 NSAID。
答案: D · Sitting the patient upright and supporting them to clear secretions
为什么是这个答案
An upright position improves lung expansion, and adequate fluids, deep breathing and coughing help clear sputum. Oxygen is given to target saturations if needed.
答案
D · Sitting the patient upright and supporting them to clear secretions
8.临床护理
答案: C · Too-rapid correction can cause osmotic demyelination in the brain
为什么是这个答案
In chronic hyponatraemia brain cells adapt to the low tonicity. A rapid rise in sodium draws water out too fast and can cause osmotic demyelination, so the correction rate is limited and sodium is checked often.
答案
C · Too-rapid correction can cause osmotic demyelination in the brain
9.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · A positive ANA supports lupus but does not diagnose it alone
为什么是这个答案
Almost all patients with SLE have a positive ANA, so a negative test makes lupus unlikely. However, many healthy people and patients with other conditions also have a positive ANA, so diagnosis needs the clinical picture and more specific antibodies such as anti-dsDNA.核对依据:ANA (Antinuclear Antibody) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案
D · A positive ANA supports lupus but does not diagnose it alone
10.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · Folate deficiency, made worse by a direct alcohol effect
为什么是这个答案
Poor diet and alcohol reduce folate intake and absorption, causing macrocytic anemia, and alcohol itself also raises the MCV. Iron deficiency and thalassemia cause small cells. Folate is replaced after B12 deficiency is excluded, and thiamine is also commonly given.核对依据:Folate-deficiency anemia - Medical Encyclopedia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案
B · Folate deficiency, made worse by a direct alcohol effect
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 20 个小格,1500 ÷ 20 ≈ 75 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.80 s。
3. P 波:无;每 0.20 s 出现规则的锯齿状扑动波(300 次/分),每个 QRS 对应 4 个。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.10 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
心房扑动,4:1 传导
答案
心房扑动,4:1 传导
14.心电图节律条带解读
答案: PR 间期
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 20 个小格,1500 ÷ 20 ≈ 75 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.80 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.34 s,恒定,长于 0.20 s。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
第一个异常的步骤
PR 间期 → 一度房室传导阻滞
答案
PR 间期
15.优先排序与委派
答案: C · “我对决定委派以及跟进结果负有问责。”
为什么是这个答案
委派的护士对委派这一决定以及监督和评价负有问责。被委派者负责在其能力范围内正确地执行任务。
答案
C · “我对决定委派以及跟进结果负有问责。”
16.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
为什么是这个答案
In DIC, widespread clotting uses up platelets and clotting factors, causing bleeding from many sites. It is a serious complication of sepsis that needs urgent escalation.