A patient has a nephrostomy tube. Which finding needs urgent action?
ALight pink urine on the first day after insertion
BA dry, intact dressing at the site
CDrainage that stops suddenly with new loin pain
DSteady urine drainage into the bag
4.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难
The day after a lumbar puncture, a patient has a headache that is severe when standing and almost gone when lying flat. Temperature and neck movement are normal. What is the most likely cause?
AA subarachnoid haemorrhage
BA migraine triggered by stress
CPost-dural puncture headache
DBacterial meningitis from the procedure
5.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等
一名回肠膀胱术(尿路造口)患者担心尿中有黏液。正确的解释是什么?
A这表明正在发生肠梗阻
B这是肾结石的征象,今天必须上报
C这是正常的,因为该通道由小肠制成
D这意味着造口失效,需要手术
6.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难
一名烧伤面积占体表 35% 的患者正在进入高代谢期。哪种营养方案最恰当?
A禁食两周以让肠道完全休息
B仅用清流质,直到烧伤创面愈合
C早期肠内营养,高能量、高蛋白
D低蛋白饮食以保护肾脏免受损害
7.临床护理中等
一名肝硬化患者出现意识混乱、嗜睡,双手有扑翼样震颤。可能发生了哪种并发症?
A胰岛素引起的低血糖
B单纯酒精中毒
C肝性脑病
D卒中
8.临床护理困难
A patient due a blood transfusion is not wearing an identity band. What should the nurse do?
ACheck the name on the bed and proceed
BAsk another patient to confirm who the patient is
CNot start until a correct identity band is in place and identity is confirmed
DAsk the patient to state their name and date of birth, then start straight away
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等
An older adult with chronic kidney disease takes glyburide (glibenclamide, a sulfonylurea) and has repeated low glucose readings. Why is this a concern?
AThe drug causes high potassium that lowers the glucose
BThe drug stops working entirely when the kidneys fail
CThe drug makes the glucose meter read falsely low
DThe drug and its metabolites build up and cause long lows
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient with severe sepsis is oozing blood from IV sites. Platelets 40 × 10³/µL, fibrinogen low, D-dimer very high, PT and aPTT both prolonged. Which condition fits best?
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
14.心电图节律条带解读困难
依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1折旧率
2节律
3P 波
4PR 间期
5QRS 时限
15.优先排序与委派中等
A nurse needs to give report on a patient to a colleague. Which information is the most important to include?
AThe patient’s current condition, recent changes and pending tasks
BThe patient’s favorite television programs and hobbies
CPersonal opinions about the patient’s family members and their visiting habits
DDetails of the nurse’s own break times that shift
16.优先排序与委派困难
在心脏科病房,护士应首先看哪位患者?
A一名服用地高辛的患者,脉搏 48 次/分,恶心,钾 3.0 mEq/L
B一名被要求明天扫描前禁食的患者
C一名房颤患者,心率 88 次/分,不规则,一如既往
D一名心力衰竭患者,自昨天起体重增加了 0.3 kg
3溶液
1.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
答案: A · It reduces absorption of cholesterol from the gut
为什么是这个答案
Ezetimibe blocks the intestinal cholesterol transporter (NPC1L1), so less dietary and biliary cholesterol is absorbed and LDL falls. It is often added to a statin. Statins act by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase in the liver.
答案
A · It reduces absorption of cholesterol from the gut
答案: C · Drainage that stops suddenly with new loin pain
为什么是这个答案
A sudden stop in drainage with pain suggests the tube is blocked or dislodged, so the kidney is obstructed again. The nurse checks for kinks and escalates urgently. Fever or rigors may signal infection.
答案
C · Drainage that stops suddenly with new loin pain
4.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏
答案: C · Post-dural puncture headache
为什么是这个答案
A positional headache after a lumbar puncture, without fever or neck stiffness, fits a CSF leak. It is managed with rest, fluids, analgesia and caffeine, and an epidural blood patch if it persists. Fever or neck stiffness would suggest infection instead.
答案: C · Not start until a correct identity band is in place and identity is confirmed
为什么是这个答案
Positive patient identification, using an identity band checked against the blood unit and prescription, is essential before every transfusion. Wrong blood incidents can cause fatal ABO incompatibility reactions.
答案
C · Not start until a correct identity band is in place and identity is confirmed
9.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · The drug and its metabolites build up and cause long lows
为什么是这个答案
Glyburide and its active metabolites are cleared by the kidneys, so they accumulate in CKD and can cause severe, prolonged hypoglycemia. Older adults are at greater risk. The prescriber is informed, and a different drug is usually chosen.
答案
D · The drug and its metabolites build up and cause long lows
10.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
为什么是这个答案
In DIC, widespread clotting consumes platelets and clotting factors, so PT and aPTT are prolonged and fibrinogen falls, while clot breakdown raises the D-dimer. ITP lowers platelets only, and hemophilia A prolongs only the aPTT.
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 8.5 × 0.04 = 0.34 s
RR = 19 × 0.04 = 0.76 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.34/√0.76 = 0.34/0.8718 = 0.39 s
答案
QTc = 0.39 s
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(390 ms)
14.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 折旧率
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 30 个小格,1500 ÷ 30 ≈ 50 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.20 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.12 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
第一个异常的步骤
折旧率 → 窦性心动过缓
答案
折旧率
15.优先排序与委派
答案: A · The patient’s current condition, recent changes and pending tasks
为什么是这个答案
Effective handover covers the current status, changes, risks and outstanding tasks, often using a structure such as SBAR. Opinions and unrelated details distract from what matters.
答案
A · The patient’s current condition, recent changes and pending tasks