内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
方法
- 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
- 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
- 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
- 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
- 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
During airway suctioning, when should suction be applied?
A patient had 40 minutes of chest pain at rest. The ECG shows ST depression without ST elevation, and the troponin is rising. What is the diagnosis?
A patient has had a calcium oxalate kidney stone. Which advice best helps prevent another?
A patient with known back pain says they now cannot feel the skin between their legs and have not passed urine for 12 hours. What should happen?
Why might a patient's platelet count be monitored while they receive heparin?
通过外周套管针静脉输注长春新碱时,患者报告灼痛,输注部位肿胀。护士首先应做什么?
A patient who injects drugs has a fever, a new heart murmur and small dark lines under the nails. What is the likely diagnosis?
一名烧伤面积达体表面积 30% 的患者入院。在最初 24 小时内,最令人担心的早期并发症是什么?
为什么慢性肾脏病患者常有贫血?
哪一组结果最能代表缺铁性贫血?
某练习血气显示 PaCO₂ 32 mmHg (4.3 kPa)。利用规则:在慢性呼吸性碱中毒中,PaCO₂ 每比 40 低出 10 mmHg,HCO₃⁻ 下降 5 mmol/L,以HCO₃⁻ 24 mmol/L 为起点,求预期HCO₃⁻。
某练习血气显示代谢性酸中毒:pH 7.17,PaCO₂ 17 mmHg (2.3 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 6 mmol/L。把实测的PaCO₂与温特公式比较。点选你的解读。
在这条规则的 II 导联心电图上测量 QT 间期和 R–R 间期,然后用 Fridericia 公式 QTc = QT/∛RR(均以秒计)计算经心率校正的QTc。答案以秒表示,保留三位小数。
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
Before giving a medication to a child, which check is especially important?
A patient admitted with suspected appendicitis says the pain suddenly got better, but now the abdomen is rigid and the heart rate is rising. What does this suggest?
答案: B · Only while withdrawing the catheter
The catheter is inserted without suction and suction is applied as it is withdrawn, with each pass kept short. This limits mucosal trauma and hypoxaemia. The patient is monitored for desaturation and bradycardia.
答案: C · Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction
An NSTEMI is an acute coronary syndrome with myocardial necrosis (rising troponin) but no persistent ST elevation; ST depression or T wave inversion may be seen. It is treated with antiplatelets, anticoagulation and angiography based on risk, rather than emergency reperfusion.
答案: B · Drink plenty of fluid so the urine stays pale
High fluid intake is the most important measure for preventing stones. Dietary calcium is usually not restricted, because it binds oxalate in the gut. High-dose vitamin C can increase oxalate.
答案: D · Urgent MRI and referral to the spinal surgeons
Saddle anaesthesia with urinary retention suggests cauda equina syndrome. Delay can lead to permanent bladder, bowel and sexual dysfunction. The patient needs an emergency MRI and surgical decompression if confirmed.
答案: C · To detect heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is an immune reaction, usually 5–10 days after starting heparin, that lowers platelets and paradoxically causes thrombosis. Monitoring depends on risk and local policy.
答案: B · 停止输注,保留套管针以回抽,并遵循规程
发疱剂外渗可造成严重的组织损伤。应立即停止输注,尝试通过套管针回抽药物,然后遵循具体规程(长春碱类如长春新碱通常采用热敷,可能使用透明质酸酶,而蒽环类药物通常采用冷敷),抬高肢体,记录并通知团队。
答案: A · Infective endocarditis
Infective endocarditis causes fever and a new or changing murmur, sometimes with splinter haemorrhages. Several sets of blood cultures are taken before long-course IV antibiotics.
答案: B · 体液丢失引起的低血容量性休克
大面积烧伤使液体移出循环,因此按公式指导的静脉液体复苏和尿量监测是关键。呼吸道烧伤是另一个早期危险。
答案: B · 肾脏产生的促红细胞生成素减少,而它驱动红细胞的生成
患病的肾脏产生的促红细胞生成素减少,因此骨髓生成的红细胞减少。治疗可包括促红细胞生成药物和铁剂。核对依据: Anemia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Erythropoietin test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: A · 血红蛋白低、红细胞小(MCV 低)和铁蛋白低
缺铁引起小细胞性贫血(MCV 低),铁储备低(铁蛋白低)。红细胞大提示维生素 B12 或叶酸缺乏。核对依据: Ferritin Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); RBC indices · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案: HCO₃⁻ = 20 mmol/L
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: 适当的代偿
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: QTc = 0.426 s
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(426 ms)
答案: 三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
II 型和三度阻滞可能突然进展,所以教科书将它们列为比 I 型更严重。
答案: D · That the dose is correct for the child’s weight
Pediatric doses are usually calculated by weight, and errors can cause serious harm. The nurse checks the dose against the child’s weight and the safe range before giving it.
答案: C · The appendix may have ruptured, causing peritonitis
A sudden ease in pain followed by a rigid abdomen and a rising pulse can mean rupture and peritonitis. This is a surgical emergency, so the nurse reports at once.
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/medical-surgical-nursing