内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
方法
- 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
- 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
- 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
- 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
- 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
一名胸痛患者要求使用硝酸甘油(glyceryl trinitrate)。哪项信息意味着护士应暂停给药并联系开处方者?
A smoker has severe shoulder and arm pain, a drooping eyelid, a small pupil and reduced sweating on the same side of the face. What should be suspected?
A patient on insulin asks about drinking alcohol. Which advice is correct?
After a TURP, a patient on bladder irrigation has bladder spasms. The drainage has slowed and contains clots, and the bag holds less than the irrigant given. What should the nurse do first?
对于小面积或散在的烧伤,哪个区域可用来快速估算 1% 的体表面积?
Four patients from a house fire arrive in the emergency department. Which should the nurse assess first?
一名化疗后中性粒细胞减少的患者体温为 38.3 °C。首要措施是什么?
Which task is most appropriate for a registered nurse to delegate to a trained healthcare assistant (unlicensed assistive personnel)?
A patient with diabetes is found unconscious with a blood glucose of 38 mg/dL (2.1 mmol/L). Which treatment is appropriate?
手术后,一名接受大量低渗静脉液体的患者出现头痛、恶心和意识模糊。哪项结果最能解释这一点?
某练习血气显示 PaCO₂ 54 mmHg (7.2 kPa)。利用规则:在慢性呼吸性酸中毒中,PaCO₂ 每比 40 高出 10 mmHg,HCO₃⁻ 升高 3.5 mmol/L,以HCO₃⁻ 24 mmol/L 为起点,求预期HCO₃⁻。
某练习血气显示呼吸性酸中毒:pH 7.23,PaCO₂ 81 mmHg (10.8 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 33 mmol/L。利用规则“HCO₃⁻ 每 10 mmHg 升高 1 mmol/L(急性)或 3.5 mmol/L(慢性)”进行分类。点选你的答案。
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
Which postoperative patient should the nurse see first?
A child is admitted with a suspected Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma). Which instruction is most important for all staff?
答案: C · 患者今天早些时候服用了西地那非
西地那非(约 24 小时内)或他达拉非(约 48 小时内)等 5 型磷酸二酯酶抑制剂与硝酸酯类合用可引起严重、危及生命的低血压。收缩压低于约 90 mmHg 时也应避免使用硝酸酯类。
答案: D · A tumour at the apex of the lung (Pancoast tumour)
A tumour in the lung apex can invade the brachial plexus (shoulder and arm pain) and the sympathetic chain, causing Horner's syndrome (ptosis, miosis, reduced sweating). It is a classic presentation of lung cancer that needs urgent imaging.
答案: D · Alcohol can cause hypos, even the next day, so eat carbs with it
Alcohol reduces the liver's release of glucose, so it increases the risk of hypoglycaemia, which may be delayed for many hours. Patients should eat carbohydrate, check glucose before bed and tell friends that a hypo can look like drunkenness.
答案: C · Suspect a clot in the catheter and follow the protocol
Clots blocking the catheter make the bladder distend, causing pain and spasms. The nurse checks for kinks, adjusts the irrigation rate per protocol, performs a bladder washout if trained and escalates if not cleared.
答案: B · 患者自己的手掌(含手指)
患者并拢手指的手掌约占其体表总面积的 1%。这对小面积或不规则的烧伤很有用。单纯红斑(浅表烧伤)不计入总数。
答案: A · Circumferential chest burns, with breathing becoming shallow and laboured
Circumferential full-thickness burns of the chest form rigid eschar that restricts chest expansion and can cause respiratory failure. This patient needs immediate breathing assessment, senior help and possibly urgent escharotomy. The others need care but are not immediately life-threatening.
答案: A · 按中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,紧急静脉使用抗生素
中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症是肿瘤急症。应在一小时内静脉给予广谱抗生素,无须等待检查结果。
答案: B · Measuring and recording vital signs on a stable patient
Routine observations on a stable patient are within the role of a trained assistant, with the nurse remaining accountable and reviewing the results. Assessment of new symptoms, IV medicines and initial teaching need registered nurse skills.
答案: D · Glucagon by injection, or IV dextrose as prescribed
A patient who cannot swallow safely must not receive anything by mouth because of the risk of aspiration. Glucagon (injected or intranasal) or IV dextrose raises the glucose; once awake and able to swallow, the patient is given oral carbohydrate and a snack.核对依据: Hypoglycemia · MedlinePlus (NIH); Low blood sugar · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案: A · 钠 126 mEq/L
手术应激使抗利尿激素升高,低渗液体增加自由水,因此钠下降。低钠血症引起头痛、恶心和意识模糊。其他数值是正常的。核对依据: Low blood sodium · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Hyponatremia · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf)
答案: HCO₃⁻ = 28.9 mmol/L
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: 慢性基础上的急性
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: 窦性心律伴窦性停搏
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。 窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
答案: 二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
II 型和三度阻滞可能突然进展,所以教科书将它们列为比 I 型更严重。
答案: D · Dressing soaked with bright red blood and a heart rate rising to 118/min
Heavy fresh bleeding with a rising heart rate suggests hemorrhage and early shock. The other patients have routine needs that can wait.
答案: C · Do not palpate the abdomen
Palpating a Wilms tumor can rupture the capsule and spread cancer cells. A sign is often put on the bed to warn staff not to palpate the abdomen.
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/medical-surgical-nursing