A patient choosing between a mechanical and a biological heart valve asks about the main difference. Which answer is accurate?
ABiological valves last longer but need lifelong warfarin
BMechanical valves last longer but need lifelong anticoagulation
CMechanical valves wear out within one year
DBoth types need no medicines after surgery
2.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难
After six weeks of treatment for tuberculosis, a patient has nausea, dark urine and yellow eyes. What should the nurse do?
ADouble the isoniazid dose to clear the infection faster
BWithhold the next doses and report urgently for liver tests
CReassure the patient that the urine colour is due to rifampicin
DAdvise taking the tablets with an alcoholic drink to settle the stomach
3.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等
A patient uses a continuous glucose monitor. Which statement is correct?
AIt reads glucose in fluid under the skin, a little behind blood glucose
BIt makes finger-prick checks unnecessary in every situation
CIt measures glucose directly in the blood every second of the day
DIt works by giving small doses of insulin automatically
4.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难
A patient with AKI has a low urine sodium and concentrated urine. What does this suggest?
AAcute tubular necrosis, with damaged and leaking tubules
BA post-renal blockage, with urine backed up
CDiabetes insipidus, with too little ADH
DA pre-renal cause, with kidneys holding salt and water
5.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等
患者在全身麻醉后到达复苏室时,首要任务是什么?
A伤口敷料和引流管
B喝一杯水
C气道和呼吸
D用药史
6.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难
A patient has a category (stage) 2 pressure ulcer on the sacrum. Which plan is most appropriate?
ASit the patient upright in a chair for most of the day
BOffload the area, manage moisture, support nutrition and dress it
CLeave it uncovered and dry it with a hair dryer
DMassage around the wound every hour to stimulate blood flow to the skin
7.临床护理中等
Which measure helps prevent delirium in older inpatients?
ARestricting fluids to avoid incontinence
BMoving the patient to a different bed each night to give them a change of scene
CKeeping the lights on all night
DReorientation, glasses and hearing aids in use, and good sleep and hydration
8.临床护理困难
A nurse teaches a patient with a new ileostomy. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I will empty the bag when it is about a third to half full."
B"My stoma should look pink or red and moist."
C"My output will be firm and formed like before."
D"I will drink extra fluids when it is hot."
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等
一名因房颤服用华法林的患者 INR 为 5.2,无出血。护士最好的措施是什么?
A建议患者从今天起不再吃绿叶蔬菜
B给予双倍剂量
C给予通常的剂量,一个月后复查
D暂停华法林剂量并通知开医嘱者
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A stable patient's hemoglobin has been 13–14 g/dL for days. Today's result is 8.2 g/dL, but the patient feels well, the vital signs are normal and there is no bleeding. What should the nurse suspect first?
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1窦性心动过缓
2交界性心律
3一度房室传导阻滞
4正常窦性心律
14.心电图节律条带解读困难
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1尖端扭转型室性心动过速
2心房颤动
3室上性心动过速(SVT)
4室性心动过速
15.优先排序与委派中等
A patient is admitted with diabetic ketoacidosis. Which prescribed treatment is usually started first?
ASubcutaneous long-acting insulin only, given once
BA high-carbohydrate meal
CIV isotonic fluid such as 0.9% sodium chloride
DOral potassium tablets
16.优先排序与委派困难
护士应首先看哪名儿童?
A一名 RSV 感染的婴儿,有鼻翼扇动、胸壁凹陷和 89% 的 SpO₂
B一名体温 38.4 °C、正在玩玩具的幼儿
C一名哮喘的青少年,呼气峰流速为个人最佳值的 90%
D一名腿上打石膏、要求喝水的学龄儿童
3溶液
1.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
答案: B · Mechanical valves last longer but need lifelong anticoagulation
为什么是这个答案
Mechanical valves are very durable but are thrombogenic, so lifelong warfarin is needed. Biological (tissue) valves usually do not need long-term anticoagulation but wear out over time and may need replacement. Age, lifestyle and bleeding risk guide the choice.
答案
B · Mechanical valves last longer but need lifelong anticoagulation
2.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
答案: B · Withhold the next doses and report urgently for liver tests
为什么是这个答案
Isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide can all cause hepatotoxicity. Jaundice, dark urine and nausea suggest drug-induced hepatitis, so the drugs are stopped and liver function is checked urgently. Orange urine from rifampicin does not cause yellow eyes. Alcohol increases the risk.
答案
B · Withhold the next doses and report urgently for liver tests
3.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏
答案: A · It reads glucose in fluid under the skin, a little behind blood glucose
为什么是这个答案
CGM sensors measure interstitial glucose, which lags several minutes behind blood glucose, especially when levels change fast. A finger-prick check is advised when symptoms do not match the reading.
答案
A · It reads glucose in fluid under the skin, a little behind blood glucose
4.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏
答案: D · A pre-renal cause, with kidneys holding salt and water
为什么是这个答案
In pre-renal AKI, the tubules work normally and conserve sodium and water, so urine sodium is low and urine is concentrated. In acute tubular necrosis, damaged tubules cannot conserve sodium, so urine sodium is higher.
答案
D · A pre-renal cause, with kidneys holding salt and water
答案: B · Offload the area, manage moisture, support nutrition and dress it
为什么是这个答案
Offloading the sacrum, keeping the skin clean and dry, ensuring adequate protein and calories, and choosing a dressing that keeps a moist healing environment all support healing. Long periods sitting increase sacral pressure.
答案
B · Offload the area, manage moisture, support nutrition and dress it
7.临床护理
答案: D · Reorientation, glasses and hearing aids in use, and good sleep and hydration
为什么是这个答案
Multicomponent prevention, including orientation, sensory aids, hydration, nutrition, mobility, sleep and avoiding unnecessary moves or drugs, reduces delirium.
答案
D · Reorientation, glasses and hearing aids in use, and good sleep and hydration
8.临床护理
答案: C · "My output will be firm and formed like before."
为什么是这个答案
Ileostomy output is liquid to porridge-like because it bypasses the colon. The other statements describe correct care: good hydration, emptying the bag before it is too heavy and recognising a healthy stoma.
答案
C · "My output will be firm and formed like before."
A sudden large change with no clinical change suggests a specimen error, such as wrong blood in the tube or dilution with IV fluid. The nurse assesses the patient, informs the provider and arranges a repeat sample with careful identification, while staying alert for true bleeding.
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 25 个小格,1500 ÷ 25 ≈ 60 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.00 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.30 s,恒定,长于 0.20 s。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
一度房室传导阻滞
答案
一度房室传导阻滞
14.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 室性心动过速
室性节律:室性心动过速是连续三个或以上宽大(0.12 s 或以上)的波群,频率超过 100 次/分,通常为 150–250 次/分,节律规则,没有相关的 P 波。心室颤动是紊乱、不规则的波形,无法辨认 P 波、QRS 波群或 T 波,也没有可计数的频率。心脏停搏是几乎平直的线,没有心室活动;平直线一定要通过检查患者、导联和增益并换一个导联来确认。在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律,心脏停搏则不是。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 10 个小格,1500 ÷ 10 ≈ 150 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.40 s。
3. P 波:无法辨认。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.16 s,增宽(0.12 s 或以上)。
解读
室性心动过速
答案
室性心动过速
在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律。这里只是识别练习。
15.优先排序与委派
答案: C · IV isotonic fluid such as 0.9% sodium chloride
为什么是这个答案
Patients with DKA are severely dehydrated, so IV isotonic fluid is started first. IV insulin follows, with close monitoring of potassium, which can fall quickly.
答案
C · IV isotonic fluid such as 0.9% sodium chloride