内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
方法
- 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
- 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
- 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
- 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
- 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
How should a patient breathe in when using a dry powder inhaler?
A patient with an inferior myocardial infarction develops complete heart block with a heart rate of 38/min. What is the most likely reason?
哪项尿液表现最能区分尿崩症和 SIADH?
A patient with nephrotic syndrome suddenly has loin pain, blood in the urine and a rise in creatinine. What is a likely cause?
哪种敷料通常适用于渗出液多的伤口?
A competent adult who is a Jehovah's Witness refuses blood transfusion before major surgery. What should the nurse do?
Which measure helps prevent delirium in older inpatients?
A patient with metastatic breast cancer is confused and constipated, with a corrected calcium of 3.3 mmol/L (about 13.2 mg/dL). What is usually the first treatment?
A patient had a total gastrectomy. Which long-term therapy is needed to prevent anemia?
Four results arrive at the same time. Which patient should the nurse see first?
练习数值:Na⁺ 129 mmol/L,葡萄糖 31.6 mmol/L,尿素 20.8 mmol/L。计算血清渗透压 Osm = 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖 + 尿素,取最接近的整数。
在海平面,某练习血气取自吸入 30% 氧气时,显示 PaO₂ 72 mmHg (9.6 kPa),PaCO₂ 35 mmHg (4.7 kPa)。用 PAO₂ = FiO₂·(760 − 47) − PaCO₂/0.8 求A–a 梯度。
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
这条 II 导联心电图显示二度房室传导阻滞 I 型(文氏现象)。共有多少个每组的 P 波数,包括未下传的那一个(n:(n − 1) 阻滞中的 n)?
Which SBAR recommendation is the clearest?
护士应首先处理护理助理的哪项报告?
答案: C · Quickly and deeply, after breathing out away from the device
Dry powder inhalers have no propellant, so a fast, deep inhalation is needed to disperse the powder. The patient breathes out away from the device first, because moist breath can clump the powder. Very weak or breathless patients may not manage this.
答案: A · The right coronary artery usually supplies the AV node
In most people the right coronary artery supplies the inferior wall and the AV node, so inferior MI can cause AV block. It is often temporary and may respond to atropine, but symptomatic or persistent block may need temporary pacing.
答案: D · 尿崩症为稀释尿;SIADH 为浓缩尿
在尿崩症中,缺乏 ADH 作用导致大量稀释尿(比重常低于 1.005)和血清钠升高。在 SIADH 中,ADH 过多导致尿量少、尿液浓缩和血清钠降低。
答案: B · Renal vein thrombosis
Loss of anticoagulant proteins in nephrotic syndrome raises the risk of thrombosis, including in the renal vein. This can cause loin pain, haematuria and worse kidney function. Imaging and anticoagulation are needed.
答案: A · 藻酸盐或泡沫
藻酸盐和泡沫能吸收大量渗出液。水凝胶为干燥伤口增加水分,薄膜适合渗出液少的浅表伤口,干纱布会粘在创面上。应保护周围皮肤免受浸渍。
答案: B · Respect the decision, document it and inform the team
An informed refusal by a competent adult must be respected. The team discusses which products and alternatives (such as cell salvage or iron) the patient accepts, documents the decision and plans to reduce blood loss.
答案: C · Reorientation, glasses and hearing aids in use, and good sleep and hydration
Multicomponent prevention, including orientation, sensory aids, hydration, nutrition, mobility, sleep and avoiding unnecessary moves or drugs, reduces delirium.
答案: C · IV fluid rehydration, followed by a bisphosphonate
Hypercalcaemia of malignancy causes dehydration, so IV fluids are given first, followed by a bisphosphonate to reduce bone resorption. Calcium, renal function and fluid balance are monitored.
答案: B · Lifelong vitamin B12 replacement
Intrinsic factor from the stomach is needed to absorb vitamin B12 in the ileum. After a total gastrectomy, B12 must be replaced for life, usually by injection, to prevent macrocytic anemia and nerve damage.核对依据: Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia - Causes · NHS (2023); Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案: C · Glucose 48 mg/dL (2.7 mmol/L) in a patient who had insulin an hour ago
Hypoglycemia after insulin can quickly cause seizures and loss of consciousness, so it is treated first. Mild anemia in CKD is expected, an INR of 2.6 is within the target range, and a slightly raised white count is common after surgery.核对依据: Blood Glucose Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Prothrombin time (PT) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: Osm = 310 mOsm/kg
衍生数值:计算所得的血清渗透压为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖 + 尿素,各值均以 mmol/L 计(葡萄糖和 BUN 以 mg/dL 计时为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖/18 + BUN/2.8);正常约为 275–295 mOsm/kg。P/F 比值是 PaO₂ 除以以小数表示的 FiO₂。海平面的肺泡氧分压为 PAO₂ = FiO₂·(760 − 47) − PaCO₂/0.8 mmHg,A–a 梯度为 PAO₂ − PaO₂。
答案: A–a 梯度 = 98.15 mmHg
衍生数值:计算所得的血清渗透压为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖 + 尿素,各值均以 mmol/L 计(葡萄糖和 BUN 以 mg/dL 计时为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖/18 + BUN/2.8);正常约为 275–295 mOsm/kg。P/F 比值是 PaO₂ 除以以小数表示的 FiO₂。海平面的肺泡氧分压为 PAO₂ = FiO₂·(760 − 47) − PaCO₂/0.8 mmHg,A–a 梯度为 PAO₂ − PaO₂。
答案: 窦性心动过缓
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
答案: 每组的 P 波数 = 3
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
3:2 文氏阻滞。
答案: C · “I would like you to see him within 15 minutes and consider a fluid bolus.”
A good recommendation is specific about the request and the time frame. Vague statements leave the provider unsure how urgent the problem is.
答案: C · 今天上午腰椎融合术后,双腿没有感觉也不能活动
脊柱手术后双腿新出现无感觉和不能活动,可能意味着血肿压迫脊髓或神经,需要立即评估和上报。肺炎的黄色痰和长期的神经病变是预期的。
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