精神科护理：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险：自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全：观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应：承认感受、陈述现实，避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利：采用限制最少的方案，知情同意，以及保密及其限度。

2练习题

1.精神科护理中等

A patient who drinks heavily every day was admitted this morning. When do early signs of alcohol withdrawal, such as tremor, sweating and anxiety, usually begin?

  1. AOnly after 7 days without alcohol
  2. BAbout 2–3 weeks after the last drink
  3. CAbout 6–24 hours after the last drink
  4. DWithin 5 minutes of the last drink
2.精神科护理困难

The parent of a child recently diagnosed with autism asks, "Did his vaccines cause this?" What is the most accurate response?

  1. A"Yes, the MMR vaccine is a proven cause of autism."
  2. B"Autism is caused by cold and distant parenting styles in early childhood."
  3. C"Large studies have found no link between vaccines and autism."
  4. D"We don't know, so it is best to stop all of his other vaccines."
3.临床心理学中等

哪种人格障碍的特点是普遍地漠视他人权利？

  1. A回避型人格障碍
  2. B边缘型人格障碍
  3. C依赖型人格障碍
  4. D反社会型人格障碍
4.临床心理学困难

在克拉克和威尔斯的社交焦虑认知模型中，哪个因素维持着焦虑？

  1. A额叶多巴胺水平低
  2. B自我关注的注意以及妨碍恐惧被证伪的安全行为
  3. C童年时期被压抑的性冲动
  4. D在公开场合受到表扬带来的正强化，它奖励了焦虑行为
5.药理学中等

Why are benzodiazepines used with great caution in older people?

  1. AThey cause severe high blood pressure in older people
  2. BThey raise the risk of confusion, falls and fractures
  3. CThey are not absorbed from the gut after age 65
  4. DThey cause permanent hearing loss in older people
6.药理学困难

During general anaesthesia with a volatile agent and suxamethonium (succinylcholine), a patient develops muscle rigidity, rising end-tidal CO2 and a fast-rising temperature. Which drug is the specific treatment?

  1. AParacetamol
  2. BNeostigmine
  3. CNaloxone
  4. DDantrolene

3溶液

1.精神科护理

答案: C · About 6–24 hours after the last drink

为什么是这个答案

Minor withdrawal symptoms begin within hours, usually 6–24 hours after the last drink. Seizures are most likely in the first 1–2 days, and delirium tremens usually appears later, around 2–3 days.

答案

C · About 6–24 hours after the last drink
2.精神科护理

答案: C · "Large studies have found no link between vaccines and autism."

为什么是这个答案

Large, well-conducted studies have found no link between vaccines and autism, and the paper that first claimed a link was retracted. Autism is a neurodevelopmental condition with strong genetic contributions.

答案

C · "Large studies have found no link between vaccines and autism."
3.临床心理学

答案: D · 反社会型人格障碍

为什么是这个答案

反社会型人格障碍包括欺骗、冲动、攻击性和缺乏悔意，并在童年有品行障碍的证据。

答案

D · 反社会型人格障碍
4.临床心理学

答案: B · 自我关注的注意以及妨碍恐惧被证伪的安全行为

为什么是这个答案

社交焦虑者关注内心中消极的自我形象，并使用安全行为。这些行为使他们显得古怪，也使他们无法认识到所恐惧的结果很少发生。

答案

B · 自我关注的注意以及妨碍恐惧被证伪的安全行为
5.药理学

答案: B · They raise the risk of confusion, falls and fractures

为什么是这个答案

Older people are more sensitive to benzodiazepines and often eliminate them more slowly. Sedation, unsteadiness and confusion raise the risk of falls and fractures.

答案

B · They raise the risk of confusion, falls and fractures
6.药理学

答案: D · Dantrolene

为什么是这个答案

Malignant hyperthermia is caused by uncontrolled calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Dantrolene blocks this release, and the triggering agents are stopped at once.

答案

D · Dantrolene

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