精神科护理：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险：自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全：观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应：承认感受、陈述现实，避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利：采用限制最少的方案，知情同意，以及保密及其限度。

2练习题

1.精神科护理中等

Which statement about benzodiazepines in anxiety disorders is correct?

  1. AThey are safe to stop suddenly after many months of daily use
  2. BThey take 4–6 weeks to have any effect on anxiety, like antidepressants
  3. CThey give rapid relief but are generally used only short-term because of tolerance and dependence
  4. DThey are the preferred long-term treatment for generalised anxiety disorder
2.精神科护理困难

A patient who believes he is a famous religious leader becomes upset when other patients laugh at him. What is the most appropriate nursing action?

  1. AAsk him to prove his identity in front of the group, so that the laughing stops
  2. BEncourage the other patients to explain why the belief is wrong
  3. CAgree that he is the religious leader so that he feels respected
  4. DProtect him from ridicule, avoid arguing and focus on real activities
3.临床心理学中等

来访者说："我有一次考试不及格，所以我什么都会失败。"这是哪种认知歪曲？

  1. A过度概括
  2. B读心术
  3. C个人化
  4. D情绪化推理
4.临床心理学困难

在克拉克和威尔斯的社交焦虑认知模型中，哪个因素维持着焦虑？

  1. A童年时期被压抑的性冲动
  2. B自我关注的注意以及妨碍恐惧被证伪的安全行为
  3. C额叶多巴胺水平低
  4. D在公开场合受到表扬带来的正强化，它奖励了焦虑行为
5.药理学中等

During an amphotericin B infusion, the patient has fever, chills and shaking. What is the most likely explanation?

  1. AA sign that the drug has been given into an artery
  2. BA common infusion reaction to amphotericin B
  3. CSevere hypoglycaemia caused by the drug
  4. DA sign that the fungal infection is cured
6.药理学困难

Why do infants absorb more of a topical corticosteroid than adults?

  1. AInfants do not absorb topical drugs at all
  2. BThey have more skin area per kilogram and thinner skin
  3. CTheir skin contains no blood vessels
  4. DTheir liver changes the cream into a much stronger form

3溶液

1.精神科护理

答案: C · They give rapid relief but are generally used only short-term because of tolerance and dependence

为什么是这个答案

Benzodiazepines act quickly by enhancing GABA, but long-term use leads to tolerance, dependence and withdrawal. SSRIs and psychological therapy are first-line long-term treatments for most anxiety disorders.

答案

C · They give rapid relief but are generally used only short-term because of tolerance and dependence
2.精神科护理

答案: D · Protect him from ridicule, avoid arguing and focus on real activities

为什么是这个答案

Arguing or agreeing strengthens a delusion. The nurse protects the patient's dignity, responds to his feelings and focuses on real, present activities and concerns.

答案

D · Protect him from ridicule, avoid arguing and focus on real activities
3.临床心理学

答案: A · 过度概括

为什么是这个答案

过度概括是从单一事件得出笼统的结论。贝克的认知疗法教来访者觉察并检验这类歪曲。

答案

A · 过度概括
4.临床心理学

答案: B · 自我关注的注意以及妨碍恐惧被证伪的安全行为

为什么是这个答案

社交焦虑者关注内心中消极的自我形象，并使用安全行为。这些行为使他们显得古怪，也使他们无法认识到所恐惧的结果很少发生。

答案

B · 自我关注的注意以及妨碍恐惧被证伪的安全行为
5.药理学

答案: B · A common infusion reaction to amphotericin B

为什么是这个答案

Amphotericin B often causes fever, rigors and nausea during infusion. Premedication and a slower rate can reduce them, and kidney function and electrolytes are monitored.

答案

B · A common infusion reaction to amphotericin B
6.药理学

答案: B · They have more skin area per kilogram and thinner skin

为什么是这个答案

Infants have a high surface area-to-weight ratio and a thinner skin barrier, so topical drugs reach higher systemic levels. Nappies can act as an occlusive dressing and increase absorption further.

答案

B · They have more skin area per kilogram and thinner skin

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