精神科护理:速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

2练习题

1.精神科护理中等

一名服用抗精神病药的患者不停地来回踱步,并说他无法静坐。这称为什么?

  1. A紧张症
  2. B迟发性运动障碍
  3. C假性帕金森综合征
  4. D静坐不能
2.精神科护理困难

A woman arrives in the emergency department after a sexual assault and has a cut on her head that is bleeding. What is the priority?

  1. AAsk her for a detailed account of the assault before any care
  2. BCall the police and wait until they arrive before doing anything else, so that no evidence is lost by mistake
  3. CAssess and treat her physical injuries, then offer forensic examination with her consent
  4. DCollect forensic evidence before treating any injuries
3.临床心理学中等

做作性障碍与诈病的关键区别在于,诈病:

  1. A当事人确实患有躯体疾病
  2. B为了金钱或逃避工作等明显的外部利益而伪装症状
  3. C症状在无意识中产生,没有任何意图
  4. D当事人本身就想扮演病人角色,没有任何明显的外部利益
4.临床心理学困难

与对照组相比,在精神分裂症患者群体中反复报告的脑部发现是什么?

  1. A完全没有海马
  2. B垂体肿瘤
  3. C所有患者的额叶都增大
  4. D侧脑室扩大
5.药理学中等

A patient with insulin-treated diabetes is found unconscious with very low blood glucose. There is no IV access. Which drug can a trained helper give?

  1. AOral glucose gel poured into the mouth
  2. BGlucagon by injection or nasal spray
  3. CIntramuscular adrenaline
  4. DRapid-acting insulin under the skin
6.药理学困难

A patient receiving a phenylephrine infusion has a rise in blood pressure and a fall in heart rate. What is the best explanation?

  1. AAlpha-1 vasoconstriction raises blood pressure and causes reflex bradycardia
  2. BPhenylephrine stimulates muscarinic receptors
  3. CThe fall in heart rate shows phenylephrine toxicity of the AV node
  4. DPhenylephrine directly blocks beta-1 receptors in the heart's conduction system

3溶液

1.精神科护理

答案: D · 静坐不能

为什么是这个答案

静坐不能是一种内心的不安,伴有想要活动的冲动。它令人痛苦,可能被误认为是激越或焦虑,并与不依从治疗和自杀风险增加有关。

答案

D · 静坐不能
2.精神科护理

答案: C · Assess and treat her physical injuries, then offer forensic examination with her consent

为什么是这个答案

Medical care for injuries comes first. Forensic examination is offered, explained and carried out only with consent, and the nurse supports the survivor's control over each step.

答案

C · Assess and treat her physical injuries, then offer forensic examination with her consent
3.临床心理学

答案: B · 为了金钱或逃避工作等明显的外部利益而伪装症状

为什么是这个答案

两者都涉及故意伪造。做作性障碍的动机是被视为病人,没有明显的外部利益;诈病则有明确的外部诱因。在 DSM-5 中,诈病不属于精神障碍。

答案

B · 为了金钱或逃避工作等明显的外部利益而伪装症状
4.临床心理学

答案: D · 侧脑室扩大

为什么是这个答案

平均而言,精神分裂症患者有脑室扩大和灰质减少。这些差异是群体平均值,不能用于对个体进行诊断。

答案

D · 侧脑室扩大
5.药理学

答案: B · Glucagon by injection or nasal spray

为什么是这个答案

Glucagon breaks down liver glycogen and raises blood glucose. Nothing is given by mouth to an unconscious patient because of the risk of choking and aspiration.

答案

B · Glucagon by injection or nasal spray
6.药理学

答案: A · Alpha-1 vasoconstriction raises blood pressure and causes reflex bradycardia

为什么是这个答案

Phenylephrine is a pure alpha-1 agonist with little direct cardiac action. The higher blood pressure activates baroreceptors, which increase vagal tone and slow the heart.

答案

A · Alpha-1 vasoconstriction raises blood pressure and causes reflex bradycardia

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