精神科护理:速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

2练习题

1.精神科护理中等

Which findings suggest recent cannabis use?

  1. ASlow heart rate, constricted pupils, drooling and watery eyes
  2. BDilated pupils, high fever and severe muscle rigidity
  3. CPinpoint pupils, slow breathing and drowsiness
  4. DRed eyes, increased appetite, dry mouth and a fast heart rate
2.精神科护理困难

A patient in a mental health unit asks to read his own health records. What is the correct general principle?

  1. AThe nurse should give him the records immediately without following any procedure
  2. BOnly his family can request access to his records on his behalf
  3. CPsychiatric patients are never allowed to see their records
  4. DPatients generally have a right of access, with limited exceptions to prevent serious harm
3.临床心理学中等

在自杀风险评估中,哪个因素是未来自杀未遂最强的预测因素之一?

  1. A是大学生
  2. B与治疗师坦诚交谈
  3. C朋友圈很大
  4. D既往有自杀未遂
4.临床心理学困难

一名男子说一位著名歌手暗恋他,并通过她的歌曲向他发送暗语。除此之外,他的思维和行为都正常,也没有幻觉。哪种诊断最合适?

  1. A妄想障碍,钟情型
  2. B伴躁狂的双相障碍
  3. C精神分裂症,偏执型
  4. D自恋型人格障碍
5.药理学中等

美托洛尔等 β 受体阻滞剂主要阻断哪种受体?

  1. A血管的 α1 受体
  2. B脂肪组织的 β3 受体
  3. C心脏的毒蕈碱受体
  4. D心脏的 β1 肾上腺素受体
6.药理学困难

A patient with severe chronic hyponatraemia receives hypertonic saline. Why is the rate of correction strictly limited?

  1. AHypertonic saline is toxic to the liver at high rates
  2. BRaising sodium too fast causes severe hypokalaemia and cardiac arrest
  3. CRaising sodium too fast can cause osmotic demyelination in the brain
  4. DFast correction causes immediate kidney failure

3溶液

1.精神科护理

答案: D · Red eyes, increased appetite, dry mouth and a fast heart rate

为什么是这个答案

Cannabis intoxication typically causes conjunctival injection, increased appetite, dry mouth, tachycardia, impaired coordination and altered perception of time. High doses can cause anxiety or psychosis.

答案

D · Red eyes, increased appetite, dry mouth and a fast heart rate
2.精神科护理

答案: D · Patients generally have a right of access, with limited exceptions to prevent serious harm

为什么是这个答案

Data protection and health records laws in many countries give patients a right to access their records. Requests follow a formal procedure, and information may be withheld only in limited cases, for example if it could cause serious harm.

答案

D · Patients generally have a right of access, with limited exceptions to prevent serious harm
3.临床心理学

答案: D · 既往有自杀未遂

为什么是这个答案

自杀未遂史是最强的风险因素之一。直接询问自杀想法并不会增加风险,而是良好评估的一部分。

答案

D · 既往有自杀未遂
4.临床心理学

答案: A · 妄想障碍,钟情型

为什么是这个答案

妄想障碍是存在一种或多种妄想至少一个月,但不符合精神分裂症的标准,且除妄想外功能没有明显受损。钟情妄想是认为另一个人爱上了自己。

答案

A · 妄想障碍,钟情型
5.药理学

答案: D · 心脏的 β1 肾上腺素受体

为什么是这个答案

心脏选择性 β 受体阻滞剂阻断 β1 受体,降低心率、收缩力和肾素释放。

答案

D · 心脏的 β1 肾上腺素受体
6.药理学

答案: C · Raising sodium too fast can cause osmotic demyelination in the brain

为什么是这个答案

In chronic hyponatraemia the brain adapts to low osmolality. Correcting sodium too rapidly shrinks brain cells and can cause osmotic demyelination (central pontine myelinolysis), so sodium is checked often.

答案

C · Raising sodium too fast can cause osmotic demyelination in the brain

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