精神科护理
方法
- 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
- 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
- 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
- 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
首次服用氟哌啶醇几小时后,一名年轻男子的颈部扭向一侧,眼球上翻。这是什么?
A patient with schizophrenia reports chest pain. A colleague says, "He's always complaining. It's just anxiety." What should the nurse do?
诊断的信度是指:
在克拉克和威尔斯的社交焦虑认知模型中,哪个因素维持着焦虑?
A malnourished patient with alcohol dependence needs IV glucose. Which vitamin should be given before or with it?
A patient with myasthenia gravis took extra pyridostigmine doses. She now has increasing weakness, heavy salivation, sweating, small pupils and diarrhoea. What is the most likely cause?
答案: D · 急性肌张力障碍
急性肌张力障碍发生在开始使用或增加抗精神病药后数小时至数日内,尤其见于年轻男性。按处方使用抗胆碱能药(如苯扎托品或丙环定)或苯海拉明治疗。
答案: D · Assess him physically, with vital signs and an ECG if indicated
People with serious mental illness have higher rates of heart disease and die younger than the general population. Physical complaints must be assessed properly to avoid diagnostic overshadowing.
答案: A · 不同临床医生对同一患者是否得出相同诊断
信度是诊断在不同临床医生之间或不同时间的一致性;效度是诊断是否反映了真实而有意义的类别。
答案: D · 自我关注的注意以及妨碍恐惧被证伪的安全行为
社交焦虑者关注内心中消极的自我形象,并使用安全行为。这些行为使他们显得古怪,也使他们无法认识到所恐惧的结果很少发生。
答案: D · Thiamine (vitamin B1)
Giving glucose without thiamine to a thiamine-deficient patient can trigger or worsen Wernicke's encephalopathy. Thiamine is therefore given before or alongside glucose.
答案: B · Cholinergic crisis from too much anticholinesterase drug
Excess acetylcholine causes muscarinic signs (salivation, sweating, miosis, diarrhoea) and depolarising weakness. In myasthenic crisis, weakness occurs without these cholinergic signs; both can cause respiratory failure.
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