精神科护理：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险：自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全：观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应：承认感受、陈述现实，避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利：采用限制最少的方案，知情同意，以及保密及其限度。

2练习题

1.精神科护理中等

末次饮酒后，震颤谵妄最可能在何时开始？

  1. A2 周后
  2. B约 2 至 4 天（48 至 96 小时）
  3. C1 至 2 小时内
  4. D2 个月后
2.精神科护理困难

An 8-year-old with separation anxiety disorder has missed two weeks of school. What is the most helpful approach?

  1. AAllow him to stay at home until he wants to go back
  2. BTell him that he is being silly and must go
  3. CLet a parent stay with him in class every day for the rest of the year
  4. DSupport a gradual, planned return to school with a consistent goodbye routine
3.临床心理学中等

下列哪项是精神分裂症的阳性症状？

  1. A社交退缩
  2. B情感平淡
  3. C言语贫乏
  4. D妄想
4.临床心理学困难

治疗师让来访者评估支持和反对"我总是失败"这一想法的证据。这是什么技术？

  1. A系统脱敏
  2. B代币制
  3. C自由联想
  4. D认知重构
5.药理学中等

Which group of signs suggests opioid withdrawal?

  1. APinpoint pupils, slow breathing and drowsiness
  2. BDry mouth, urinary retention, blurred vision and confusion
  3. CYawning, runny nose, sweating, dilated pupils and diarrhoea
  4. DConstipation, itching and a slow heart rate
6.药理学困难

A patient on disulfiram becomes flushed, nauseated and has palpitations after using a mouthwash. What is the most likely cause?

  1. AAlcohol in the mouthwash caused a disulfiram–alcohol reaction
  2. BLow blood glucose from skipping breakfast
  3. CDisulfiram toxicity from taking too many tablets by mistake
  4. DAn allergy to mint flavouring in the mouthwash

3溶液

1.精神科护理

答案: B · 约 2 至 4 天（48 至 96 小时）

为什么是这个答案

典型的时间：震颤和焦虑从约 6–24 小时开始，戒断性惊厥从约 12–48 小时开始，震颤谵妄从约 48–96 小时开始。时间因人而异。

答案

B · 约 2 至 4 天（48 至 96 小时）
2.精神科护理

答案: D · Support a gradual, planned return to school with a consistent goodbye routine

为什么是这个答案

Long-term avoidance strengthens anxiety. A gradual, planned return, short and predictable goodbyes, praise for brave behaviour and cooperation between parents and school, often with CBT, help the child cope.

答案

D · Support a gradual, planned return to school with a consistent goodbye routine
3.临床心理学

答案: D · 妄想

为什么是这个答案

阳性症状是"增加"的（幻觉、妄想、言语紊乱），阴性症状是"缺失"的（情感平淡、意志减退、言语贫乏）。

答案

D · 妄想
4.临床心理学

答案: D · 认知重构

为什么是这个答案

认知重构识别自动思维、检验证据，并用平衡的想法取代过度概括等认知歪曲。

答案

D · 认知重构
5.药理学

答案: C · Yawning, runny nose, sweating, dilated pupils and diarrhoea

为什么是这个答案

Opioid withdrawal causes rhinorrhoea, lacrimation, yawning, sweating, mydriasis, cramps, diarrhoea and anxiety. It is very unpleasant but rarely life-threatening in healthy adults.

答案

C · Yawning, runny nose, sweating, dilated pupils and diarrhoea
6.药理学

答案: A · Alcohol in the mouthwash caused a disulfiram–alcohol reaction

为什么是这个答案

Disulfiram reactions can occur with small amounts of alcohol in mouthwash, cough syrups, sauces or aftershave. Patients are taught to check labels and avoid all alcohol-containing products.

答案

A · Alcohol in the mouthwash caused a disulfiram–alcohol reaction

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